Medieval cities of Kazakhstan (VI-XII).

Ispidzhab (Sairam) - "City on the White River" - mentioned in the sources from the VII century. Center of District. An important administrative center, as well as a hub for transit trade, and religion. In the XIII century was captured by the Mongols, but it did not hurt much.

Otrar (Farab) - located near the confluence of Arys in the Syr Darya. Center of the Okrug Farab (Otrar oasis). Through it were many caravan routes. Town appeared in the first centuries AD, but the first mention in written sources was in IX century. In the VII-VIII centuries Otrar was economically and politically self-sufficient (Otrar coins). In the IX-X centuries Otrar was among the cities of Ispidzhab, which is associated with the subordination of it to Khaliphat, and then - Samanids, but the dependence was nominal. In XI-XII centuries Otrar grows and develops. But this development was interrupted by the Mongol conquest. 1218 - "Otrar catastrophe." 1219 - destruction of Otrar.

Turkestan - the center of Turkestan oasis (ancient name was Iassy). In the VIII century was known as Shavgar District. The capital was the city of the same name then became the capital city Iassy, known from the XII century. Iassy from the beginning was located on the site of ancient settlement Kultobe from the territory of Turkestan. In the XIII century, Muhammad ibn Tekesh minted its own coins here. During the Mongol conquest, Turkestan's fate was unknown. One of the most important commercial, cultural and religious centers.

Sauran - 35 km. north-east of Turkestan. The first mention was in the X century. Located on the site Karatobe before the XII century. In the XIII century was moved to a new location(approximately 3 km. to the west).

Yangikent - capital of the country Oguz (New Guziya). One of the largest shopping centers. Existed prior to the XIII century.
Dzhendem - X-XIII century. The highest activity of the city. The beginning of the XIII century - the capital of Kipchak. During the Mongol invasion was captured.

Sygnak - mentioned since X century. In the XII century - the capital of Kipchak. 1220 - was destroyed by the Mongols.
Taraz - the first mention in the VI century. Was on the bank of the Talas. In the VII century - Taraz - one of the largest cities on the Silk Road. IX-XI century - the rise and development of the city. X-XI century - the capital of one of the principalities of Karakhanids. In the XIII century was destroyed by order of Harunshah, but was rebuilt.

33. Science and culture of the X-XII cc. Al Farabi. Al Farabi- philosopher, mathematician, music theorist. One of the leading representatives of the medieval Eastern philosophy. Al-Farabi - the author of comments on the works of Aristotle (hence his nickname of honor "second Aristotle") and Plato. His writings have influenced Ibn Sina, Ibn Baggio, Ibn Tufail, Ibn Rushd, as well as philosophy and science of medieval Western Europe. He was born in Otrar. He visited Tashkent, Buhara, Samarkand, where he had been learning and working. To continue education philosopher went to Baghdad and began to explore various fields of science and languages. He studied medicine, logic, and Greek. Baghdad was a Mecca for intellectuals of that time. Soon Farabi became a famous scholar. In 941 year Farabi moved to Damascus, where he spent the remainder part of his life, engaged in scientific work. Farabi made ​​significant contributions to musicology.

34. Science and culture of the X-XII cc. Usuf Balasaguni. He lived in the XI century in the state Karakhanids. He was a turk writer. Yusuf was born in the capital city of Karakhanids - Balasagun. Education Yusuf Balasaguni received in acknowledged cultural centers of that time - Farab, Kashgar, Bukhara. In the perfect possession of Arab and Persian, he worked on the philosophical and scientific works on various branches of knowledge. Educated, with wise life experiences, he came to Kashgar, and here for eighteen months of hard work had written a great poetic work. At age 50 he completed his poem "Kutadgu Bilig", introduced it to the ruler of Kashgar, and was awarded the "Hass Hadzhibey". "Qutatqu Bilig" - the first work written in the language of the ancient Turks and fully preserved. Many of the Turkic-speaking peoples can be rightly regarded as a product of the source or the first masterpiece of its written literature. He died in 1085 at the age of 66 years. He was buried in a mausoleum in the city of Kashgar

35. Science and culture of the X-XII cc. Makhmud Kashgari. Turkic scholar. He was born in the reign of the dynasty Karakhanids and came from the highest circles of the nobility Carahanid. His father ran the town Balasagun. Kashgari has worked mainly in Baghdad and is known for created "Assembly of Turkic dialects" -Glossary of various Turkic languages. Mahmud Kashgari's famous book "Divan lugat at-Turk" is a Turkic encyclopedia in the full sense of this word. In it was collected and summarized extensive historical-cultural, ethnographic and linguistic material. It is a monument of Turkish culture, depicting ethical values ​​and norms of behavior, a particular world view of Turkic peoples in the XI century, absorbed all the previous legacy of their ancestors. In the book, along with the ancient Zoroastrian-Shamanistic view, embodied elements of a new ideology - Islam and its branches such as Sufism. Here he introduced the main Turkic folklore genres - ritual and lyrical songs, fragments of the heroic epic, historical traditions and legends (about the campaign of Alexander of Macedon in the area of ​​Turks chigiley), more than 400 proverbs, and oral sayings.

36. Science and culture of the X-XII cc. Akhmed Yassawi. Yassawi was born to Sheykh Ibrahim. At age seven, when he was orphaned by the loss of his father, Yassawi was raised by another spiritual father, Arslan Baba. By age seven, Ahmad Yasawi had already advanced through a series of high spiritual stages and then, under the direction of Arslan Baba, the young Ahmad reached a high level of maturity and slowly began to win fame from every quarter. His father Shaikh Ibrahim had already been renowned in that region for performing countless feats and many legends were told of him. Consequently, it was recognized that, with respect to his lineage as well, this quiet and unassuming young boy, who always listened to his elder sister, held a spiritually important position. A mausoleum was later built on the site of his grave by Tamerlane the Great in the city (today called Türkistan). The Yasaviyya Tariqah which he founded continued to be influential for several centuries afterwards, with the Yasavi Sayyid Ata Sheikhs holding a
the shamanistic elements compared to other Sufi Orders. The first Kazakh-Turkish university, Ahmet Yesevi University, and liceum, Hoca Ahmed Yesevi Lisesi, were named in his honor. Naqshbandi Sufi Idries Shah mentions Ahmed Yasavi's lineage in his "The Book of the Book". Yasavi Sufis are also present in Kashmir. They came to Kashmir from Turkistan via Silk Route with Hazrat Amir-e-Kabir Mir Syed Ali Hamdani. A historical background of the Yasavi order can be found in the book SILSLAY YASAVI, written by Peerzada Mohammad Shafi Yasavi, eldest member of the Yasavi family in Kashmir. The book is written in Urdu.

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