Kvaerner Duflo impeller 618

Kvaerner Duflo pump 617

Kvaerner Jetmixer 621

Kvaerner pressure diffuser 555

Kvaerner’s Compact Feed system 381–382

l

Laboratory methods, material testing 1217

Laboratory sheets, optical properties

1279–1280

Laccase mediator-system, alternative bleaching

Methods 886

Lactic acid

– black liquor composition 968

– polysaccharide chain cleavage 662

laminar flow, Hagen–Poiseuille’s law

132–133

Index 1321

Langmuir isotherm 519

Laplace see Young–Laplace equation

Larix decidua, hemicelluloses, nonglucosic

Units 29

Larix sibirica, chemical composition of wood

latency, mechanical pulp 1137–1143

Latewood, bordered pits 47

Latewood tracheids, Picea abies 62

Lattice conversion, wood dissolving pulp

Lattice transition

– alkali concentration 1043

– cellulose I 941, 1045

Layers

– cell wall 42

– model calculation 694

LCC see lignin–carbohydrate-complexes, see

Also lower cook circulation

Leaf fibers, cell dimensions and chemical

Composition 4

legislation, recycled fibers 1191–1210

Level-off DP 1011

– crystallite length 1264

Levopimaric acid, conversion to abietic acid

During kraft process 183

Levulinic acid 419

Lifetime, hydrogen peroxide 855

Light absorption coefficient

– as function of residual effective alkali 269

– kappa number 715

– residual softwood lignin 266

– unbleached pine 269

Light-scattering coefficient 1142

– pulp 1140–1141

Lignans

– hardwoods 38

– softwoods 37

lignification of the cell walls 44–46

lignin 30–31, 33, 713–716, 749, 856–858,

– addition of nucleophiles 167

– alternative bleaching methods 886

– angiosperms 30

– arabinoxylan 481

– bark 33

– birch 33

– bleaching 886, 1126

– bromination 316

– carbohydrate degradation 795

– a-carbonyl group-containing 655

– cell wall components 41

– charge transfer complexes 321

– chemical structure 858

– chromophore formation 172

– cold caustic extraction 950

– commercial 717–718

– composition after cooking and bleaching

634–640

– concentration see delignification, kappa

Number

– condensation 167–168, 420

– content 1230

– conventional kraft pulp 262

– 1,3-cycloaddition 790

– defiberization 1123

– degradation 213, 790–794

– demethylation reaction 169

– diarylmethane-type structures 169

– diffusion rate 149

– digester 298

– 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition 791

– dissolution in CBC process 284

– dissolved 207, 246, 284, 298

– Douglas fir 213

– electro-/nucleophilic attack sites 648

– electron-transfer reactions 170

– elimination kraft pulping reactions

169–170

– “false” 257

– fraction 173, 724, 950

– frequencies in kraft residual lignin 638

– functional group content 635

– fungi 886

– guaiacylpropane unit 165

– gymnosperms 30

– hardwoods 22, 33

– hydrogen peroxide 853

– hydrolysis 407–414

– hydroperoxide formation 856

– p-hydroxyphenyl groups 714

– p-hydroxyphenyl-propane unit 165

– kappa number reduction 960

– kraft pulping reactions 163–174, 323

– light absorption coefficient 266

– linkage frequencies 638

– mass balance during impregnation and

Дата добавления: 2015-10-21