GRAMMAR IN USE

Simple Active and Passive Tenses (revision)

PRESENT

1. A chemist’s supplies the population with medicines.

2. The population is supplied with medicines by a chemist’s.

PAST

1. The pharmacist recommended me to take these pills.

2. I was recommended to take these pills by the pharmacist.

FUTURE

1. The doctor will write out you a prescription tomorrow.

2. The prescription will be written out by the doctor tomorrow.

Exercise 11. Read and translate the sentences. Define the tense and voice of the predicate. Make the sentences negative and interrogative:

1. I completed this project a week ago.

2. His diagnosis is confirmed by X-ray.

3. The course of the disease seems mild.

4. Every human needs vitamins and minerals.

5. Drastic drugs are sold by prescription only.

6. They will use the new method in their research.

7. The findings of blood analysis will be made in an hour.

8. The structure of the human body was described by A.Vesalius.

Exercise 12. Find and translate the sentences in Passive Voice only:

1. A nurse fills in the patient’s cards.

2. Some drugs are made from plants.

3. A nurse looks after the patients.

4. We were examined at the clinic yesterday.

5. The patients’ tests are taken every morning.

6. The electrocardiograms were taken yesterday.

7. The infection diseases can pass through the mouth and nose.

8. The patients are not allowed to take the medicines themselves.

Exercise 13. Change sentences from Active into Passive:

1. A. Fleming discovered penicillin by chance.

2. The surgeon operated on the patient successfully.

3. Students study basic theoretical subjects in the first term.

4. Scientists introduced new methods of treatment of cancer.

5. The district doctor will prescribe you the proper treatment.

6. The doctor made a correct diagnosis after the physical examination.

7. The doctor will discharge the patient from the hospital in two days.

8. The nurse on duty usually takes the patients to different procedures.

Exercise 14. Re-write sentences opening brackets:

1. These drugs (to sell) yesterday.

2. A complete prescription (to consist) of six essential parts.

3. The daily dosage (to indicate) always on the label of the medicine.

4. In the future, sale of potent drugs (to control) much more strictly.

5. The prescriber's name (to guarantee) the authenticity of the drug.

6. Yesterday, before taking the pills she (to read) the package insert.

7. Drastic medicines (to cause) such side effects as nauseas and dizziness.

8. If expiry date of a remedy is over, a pharmacist immediately (to write) it off.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Latin is the language of prescriptions.

2. There are two departments at any chemist’s.

3. The use of potent drugs is strictly controlled.

4. The physician prescribed him mild laxatives.

5. A chemist’s supplies population with medicines.

6. In Britain prescriptions are written out in English only.

7. They will take into consideration all the doctor’s administration.

8. The pharmacist instructed the patient about the medication’s side effects.

Завдання для самостійної роботи

студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть та вивчіть наступні словосполучення: 1. забезпечувати населення ліками 2. відділ продажу готових ліків 3. рецептурний відділ 4. термін зберігання 5. протипоказання та побічні дії 6. сильнодіючі та психотропні препарати 7. викликати несприятливі реакції 8. призводити до смерті 9. виписати рецепт 10. розподіляти ліки II. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: 1. What are the kinds of chemist's shops? 2. What does a person buy at the chemist’s department? 3. What drugs are sold by prescription only? 4. Who has the right to write out prescriptions in Ukraine? 5. Where are all the drugs kept at the chemist's? III. Поясніть наступні терміни у 5ти реченнях: 1. a chemist’s 2. a prescription

THE HUMAN CELL КЛІТИНА

Text: The human cell

Grammar: Present Perfect Active

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 1. Learn the new words:

1. cell	[sel]	1. клітина
2. membrane	['membrein]	2. мембрана, оболонка
3. receptor	[rɪˈseptə]	3. рецептор; закінчення чутливого нерва
4. alter	[ˈɔːltə]	4. мінювати, переробляти
4. cytoplasm	[ˈsaɪtəplæzm]	5. цитоплазма
6. nucleus, -i	[ˈnjuːklɪəs], [-ai]	6. ядро, центр
7. reproduction	[riːprəˈdʌkʃən)	7. відтворення, розмноження
8. mitochondrion, -ia	[maɪtəʊˈkɒndrɪən]	8. мітохондрія
9. chromosome	[ˈkrəʊməsəʊm]	9. хромосома
10. insulin	['ɪnsjulɪn]	10. інсулін
11. ribosome	[‘raɪbəsəʊm]	11. рибосома
12. Golgi apparatus	[ˈɡɔldʒi æpəˈreɪtəs]	12. aпарат Ґольджі
13. organelle	[ɔːɡəˈnel]	13. органела, органоїд
14. lysosome	[ˈlaɪ səsoʊm]	14. лізосома
15. centriole	[ˈsentrɪəʊl]	15. центріоль
16. glandular	[ˈɡlændjulə]	16. залозистий

Exercise 2. Write in words and translate into your language:

[kənˈteɪn], [məˈtɪərɪəl], [ˈdʒenəreɪt], [ˈsʌbstəns], [ˈpraɪmərɪ], [dɪˈvɪʒən], [ˈstrʌktʃə], [ˈpɑːtɪkəl], [ˈɛnzaɪm], [ˈkɛmɪkəl], [ˈkɒmpaʊnd], [ˈnjuːtrɪənt], [dʌɪˈvəːs], [pəˈfɔːməns], [ˈaʊtə], [səˈfɪʃənt].

Exercise 3. Give the missing forms, translate them into Ukrainian, some forms may be the same (you may need a dictionary):

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
	function
participate
	production
		related
	consistency
transform
	thought
		genetic

Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations into your language:

Living organism, biological unit, to vary in size, fertilized egg, naked eye, to react to substances, to take place, to consume and transform energy, primary functions, to divide and reproduce, to generate energy, to consist of, unusual circumstances, to break down particles, to move freely, cell membrane, genetic material, cell division.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

THE HUMAN CELL

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.

A cell is made up of many even smaller parts, each with its own function. Human cells vary in size, but all are quite small. Even the largest, a fertilized egg, is too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Human cells have a membrane that holds the contents together. However, this membrane is not just a sac. It has receptors that identify the cell to other cells. The receptors also react to substances produced in the body and to drugs taken into the body, selectively allowing these substances or drugs to enter and leave the cell. Reactions that take place at the receptors often alter or control a cell's functions. An example of this is when insulin binds to receptors on the cell membrane to maintain appropriate blood sugar levels and to allow glucose to enter cells.

Within the cell membrane are two major compartments, the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The cytoplasm contains structures that consume and transform energy and perform the cell's functions. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and the structures that control cell division and reproduction. Inside every cell are mitochondria. Mitochondria are tiny structures that provide the cell with energy.

Although there are different types of cells, most cells have the same components. A cell consists of a nucleus and cytoplasm and is contained within the cell membrane, which regulates what passes in and out. The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are the cell's genetic material, and a nucleolus, which produces ribosomes. Ribosomes produce proteins, which are packaged by the Golgi apparatus so that they can leave the cell. The cytoplasm consists of a fluid material and organelles, which could be considered the cell's organs. The endoplasmic reticulum transports materials within the cell. Mitochondria generate energy for the cell's activities. Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break down particles entering the cell. Centrioles participate in cell division.

The body is composed of many different types of cells, each with its own structure and function. Some, such as white blood cells, move freely, unattached to other cells. Others, such as muscle cells, are firmly attached one to another. Some cells, such as skin cells, divide and reproduce quickly. Others, such as nerve cells, do not divide or reproduce except under unusual circumstances. Some cells, especially glandular cells, have as their primary function the production of complex substances, such as a hormone or an enzyme. For example, some cells in the breast produce milk, some in the pancreas produce insulin, some in the lining of the lungs produce mucus, and some in the mouth produce saliva. Other cells have primary functions that are not related to the production of substances—for example, muscle cells contract, allowing movement. Nerve cells generate and conduct electrical impulses, allowing communication between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a cell?

2. What holds the cell together?

3. What does the membrane consist of?

4. What does the cell consist of?

5. Do all cells in the body have the same function?

6. What are the main functions of cells?

7. Which part of the cell provides energy?

8. What participates in cell division?

Exercise 7. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Біологічна одиниця, живий організм, неозброєне око, реагувати на речовини, змінити функції, основні відсіки, споживати і перетворювати, генетичний матеріал, поділ клітин, текучий матеріал, брати участь, генерувати енергію, вільно переміщатися, за незвичайних обставин, основна функція, складні речовини.

Exercise 8. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. cytoplasm	a. one of a set of threadlike structures, composed of DNA and a protein, that form in the nucleus when the cell begins to divide and that carry the genes which determine an individual's hereditary traits.
2. mitochondria	b. to continue or retain; keep in existence
3. membrane	c.the protoplasm of a cell contained within the cell membrane but excluding the nucleus: contains organelles, vesicles, and other inclusions.
4. to maintain	d. a central or essential part around which other parts are gathered or grouped; a core
5. chromosome	e. a spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism, including those responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy.
6. nucleus	f. a specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli.
7. receptor	g.a thin, flexible layer of tissue that covers, lines, separates, or connects cells or parts of an organism.

Exercise 9. Agree or contradict the following statements:

1. Human cells cannot be seen with the naked eye.

2. The cytoplasm provides the cell with energy.

3. Mitochondria control a cell’s functions.

4. Chromosomes in the nucleus are the cell’s genetic material.

5. Lysosomes participate in cell division.

6. All cells in the body produce insulin.

7. The Golgi apparatus works with proteins in the cell.

8. Centrioles contain structures that perform the cell’s functions.

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