Second conditional

(if* past simple, would* base form of the verb)

i When the situation is less likely to happen or be accepted, we use the second conditional. if we had more money to spend, we wouid be interested, but we don't.

2 Sometimes the condition Is logically impossible to fulfil.

if he was the Queen of England, heVsell Buckingham Palace.

Points to remember

1 The position of the if clause and the main clause can be changed.
I would lend him some money if he needed it.

if he needed it, i wouid lend him some money.

2 We cannot use will or would in the '/clause.

*lf I wtt go to Japan, I'll probably go to a tea ceremony.

Krwti *lfl would know the answer, I would tell you.

3 It is possible to use if I were rather than if I was, especially when giving
advice.

/// were the minister of finance, I'd reduce taxation. ifi were you, Vd buy those shares now.

4 Instead of would, we can use might or could, depending on the meaning.

if he relaxed more, he might enjoy this new challenge. if he wanted to, he could become CEO.

Grammar reference }

Grammar reference

ii Time clauses

We use time clauses to provide information about actions and events in the past, present and future.

Do you remember when you had your first interview? (past lime) When your customers aie unhappy, they'll usually tell ot least 20 other people, (true all the time) when! find the missing documents, I'M bring them to you. (future time)

We use a present tense, not will, to refer to future time in a time clause.

Until inflation is under control, planning will be difficult (NOT* wilt be

under control) Once we finish the project, we'll have more time. (NOT*will finish the

project)

Con you look at this before you leave? (NOT *wilt leave) The shore price will rise 0$ soon as we announce the merger. I'll see you when the meeting pnisbes.

Note that;

a present perfect in a time clause refers to a future situation.

I'll get back to you as soon as we hove decided what to do,

She'll write to you after/when she's spoken to her boss.

We won't know the results until we've received alt the soles reports.

while means 'during the time that*or 'at the same time as*.

/ like to listen to music white I'm v/orking.

i was working late at the office white she was out socialising,

While t was in Italy, I went to see Alessandro.

for/since/durirtg

1 We use both /wand during with periods of time, but the is usually used after during.

I haven't seen her for a month. {NOT *duringa month) What are you planning to do during the vocation? He fell asleep during the meeting.

z We use since with points in time.

The company has expanded fast since it was founded. Since Martin Joined the company two years ago, profits have risen dramatically.

*j

12 Passives

Form

+ It's done. It's being done. It was done. It has been done.

It will be done. - it's not done, it's not being done. It wasn'tdone. It hasn't been done.

It won't be done.? Is it done? Is it being done? Was it done? Has it been done?

Will it be done?

Passives can also be formed with modal verbs.

Can it be done? It can't be done. It should be done. It would be done.

It might be done,

Uses

a We choose a passive structure when we focus on the action itself rather than who performs the action.

Tea is grown in Sri Lanka.

Our quality procedures ore strictly monitored.

The new machine has been installed,

2 We can use by to mention who performs an action.
At! her clothes are designed by Armani

The first computer was invented by Alan Turing.

Kristol is a bottled water which is manufactured by a US company.

3 We often use the passive to describe a process, system or procedure, as in
the extract below.

Naming a new product Before a product is launched, focus groups ere set up and a name fe chosen. Potential consumers ate asked to give their impressions, and these ore motched against the desired brand image. Once the name has been decided, it must be registered so that it cannot be used by other manufacturers.

4 We often use the passive in impersonal constructions beginning with it

These constructions are frequently found in reports and the minutes of meetings.

It was agreed that the budget should be increased. ft was decided to implement the new policy immediately, (or It was decided that the new policy should be implemented immediately) It was felt that an early decision had to be made.

D

r >

Salutation

When you know ihe name of the recipient: Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms/A/liss van Tratta

Note: In AmЈ Mr., Mrs. and Ms. include a full stop/period, e.g. Mr, von Tratta

When you don't Toiow the name of Lhe recipient: Dear Sir or Madam (BrE) Dear Sir or Madam; (AmE3

Letters

Mr Hcinrich vonlrotta Schneemans AG Hapsburgcr Plalz 1 80333 Munich

Dear Mr von Trotta

European Business Associates

26RyetfeGGm 1820Monlf«* Vami Canton

3 May 200-

Main point

l(is a good Idea to put the main point aLihe beginning of the letter. People read the first paragraph carefully, but not always everything else.

Use the pronoun we when writing for your company. This is more format than'.

Endings (BrE)

WhQn you know the name of the

recipient:

Yours sincerely

When you don't know lhe name of the recipient: Yours faithfully

Endings (AmE) Yours truly, 5incerefa

v..

Sign the letter with both first and second names. Then print your name and position under the signature.

Common abbreviations
Re:	regarding
PP	(on behalf of) when you
	sign the letter for another
	person
Enc(s)	documents are enclosed
	with the letter
CC:	copies fhe names of the
	people who receive a
	copy ate included in the
\_	letter.)

Re: Invitation to speak at next conference

On behalf of European Business Associates we would like to invite you to be a keynote speaker at our'Responsible Technologies for the Global Economy* conference planned for 19—21 October next year.

European Business Associates is Europe's leading business-oriented media production company. We broadcast business programmes for television and radio throughout the European Union, including Business Tbd@y every morning from 07.00 on CNM,

We would be very pleased if you would present for us at the conference. As Europe's leading manufacturer of environmentally friendly high-tech equipment, we believe you could help many cither companies move in the same direction.

We hope this invitation is of interest and look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

Ms Bngittc Sea

Events Manager

fines. Conference brodi ures cc; Jean Thornctt-Sinith Senior Director

13a

Writing file j

Investment plans

TRESSЈU INVESTMENT PLAN

i Rationale_______________

In recent years, Tressel has became one of Europe's leading brands of sportswear, it is now on its way to becoming a global brand. However, in the last two years, sales hove declined, causing a sharp decrease in the profits. This has been caused mainly by three factors: fierce competition in the industry bringing prices down; a fall in demand; production problems.

2 Objectives

To remedy the problems outlined above and makeTressela more competitive business internationally, an investment of Ђ2.5 million was proposed.

3 Options and benefits

The Board of Directors has agreed the fallowing investment plan.

* Firstly, we need to invest in market research. This should give us a better understanding of our target customers' changing needs and desires, which can then guide product development.

* Product research and development is the second area that we need to develop, as we have relied heavily an the success af our traditional products. While these will probably continue to account for more than 50% of our turnover in the next two or three years, we will not stay ahead of the competition If we do not vary our range.

■ Finally, setting up online sales should widen our customer base, increase sales, and make us more competitive.

4 Cast

I n vestment 1 n m arket resea rch Ђ900,000

I n vest ment i n resea rch and de ve lopment Ђ 1,300,000

Setting up online sales Ђ300,000

5 Timeline_________________________

Market research: to be completed In three months¹ time, i.e. by the end of June.

R&D: ongoing process to be speeded up from July.

Online sales: website up and running by September,

6 Evaluation_______

The heads of the departments concerned will hand In a monthly progress report. The Board will then meet to assess the progress made in all three areas.

There is no set layout for an investment plan, but the information should be well organised.

/-

The various sections should have a clear heading and be in a logical order.

■~\

The rationale gives background information relevant to the reasons for the plan.

-

The objectives are the goals which your investment will enable you to achieve.

~"i

This section gives details of the areas you have chosen to invest in and of the benefits they are likely to provide.

~'\

Breakdown of the totel amount of money invested.

The timeline shows the period of time during which you expect the various stages of the plan to be reached.

This section gives information about the mechanism you have put in place to assess tho progress made.

\_

Writing- file

Faxes

Fulton Chamber of Commerce

[phone] [phone] (including this page) I

Faxes have the following headings: To/From/Fax number/Date/Nnmber of pages/Subject.

Fax Transmission

To Thierry Baptiste, CEO Fax no.

From James Baker Fax no.

Date 5 April 200- ffageit

Subject Your Idler, 2 April 200-

The style of the fax can

be formal, as in a business letter, or informal. This depends on who you are writing to,

Points can be numbered for clarity.

Regards is often used f6i the ending. Mote formal endings (Vbw/3 sincerely/Yours faithfully) are also acceptable, if you prefer.

Dear Mr Baptiste

Thank you for your loiter of 2 April asking about the possibility of opening a factory for the manufacture of your products in Fulton. Let me answer some of your questions.

1 Employees

Yes, Fullon has a large workforce of well-(rained and hard-working possible employees available.

2 Infrastructure

Road and rail links to the main cities in the UK, the airports and the ports are excellent.

3 local tax

In certain situations it is possible to arrange favourable tax conditions for start-up organisations.

If you would like to discuss ihe possibilities further, please call my office to arrange a meeting for when you visit the UK. I look forward to hearing from you.

Regards

James Baker

Chief Development Officer

Notices

Dnieper and Drucker SOLICITORS

Notices are used to inform people about changes of plan or to give instructions or warnings.

STAFF NOTICE

On Thursday 29 duly there will be a staff and management meeting to discuss opening a New York branch of the company.

We look forward to hearing your suggestions as to how to ask for volunteers for relocation.

Notices need a clear heading.

Information must be clear. The tone is normally

f oi mat.

Office Manager 26 July 200-

The name and position of the person who wrote the notice and the date must be included.

Willing file

E-mails

E-mails can nave a formal business style or a very informal style, similar to spoken English.

Netu Message - 1

r

Дата добавления: 2015-10-21