Task 5. Pipelines Classification

I. Word usage and common errors.

Include = contain (in addition to something else): Pipeli­nes at terminals for distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are included in this group.

Crude oil and some petroleum products moving through pipelines often contain a small amount of additives to reduce internal corrosion of pipe.

Consist of — to be made of: While gas collection and trans­mission lines are made of steel, most distribution lines built since 1980 use flexible plastic pipes.

II. Pronunciation practice.

Treatment, process, sub-sea, consider, multiproducts, se­veral, consume, coatings, ensure, adequate, anchor, float, cross, soil, cohesion, equipment, increase, transmission, batch, addi­tives, apply, damage, manage, permafrost.

III. Translate the international words and find more of them in the text.

Category, form, group, diameter, continent, product, final, distribute, compressor, station, gasoline, kerosene...

IV. Read and translate the text. What notions are to explained to the first-year students if they are to listen to a lecture on the subject? Explain the necessary notions (such as “production platform”).

In general, pipelines can be classified in three categories depending on purpose:

1. Gathering Pipelines - Group of smaller interconnected pipelines forming complex networks with the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas from several nearby wells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this group, pipe­lines are usually short, couple of hundred meters, and with small diameters. Also sub-sea pipelines for collecting product from deep water production platforms are considered gathering systems.

2. Transportation Pipelines - Mainly long pipes with large diameters, moving products.(oil, gas, refined products) bet­ween cities, countries and even continents. These transporta­tion networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multiproducts pipelines.

3. Distribution Pipelines - Composed of several inter­connected pipelines with small diameters, used to take the products to the final consumer. Feeder lines distribute gas to homes and businesses downstream. Pipelines at terminals for distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are inclu­ded in this group.

Category	Description
	Small-diameter (five centimeters to 15 centimeters; two inches to six inches) pipelines in individual fields carry oil from wellheads to a central facility in the field called a battery.
	These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multiproducts pipelines.
	Pipelines at terminals for distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are included in this group.

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