Exercise 1. Read and translate (see the Introduction for details).

Tort law is one of the major divisions (1) of the law. A 1. основні розділи;

“tort” (2) is a civil wrong (3) as distinguished from crime. 2. делікт;

A crime is a public wrong (4).

What is a Tort? A tort is the breach of a legal duty which

3. цивільне

правопорушення;

causes some kind of compensable injury (5) or loss to per- 4. кримінальна карана

son, property, or rights.

шкода суспільству;

Requirements for a Tort. In general, four elements must 5. шкода, яку можна

coincide for an act to constitute a tort (6) on which a law-

компенсувати;

suit can be based. These elements are: (1) a legal duty (7) 6. становити делікт;

owed by one person to another; (2) violation of the duty; (3) 7. встановлений законом

injury or loss to the plaintiff (8); (4) the violation of the

duty is the proximate cause (9) of the injury or loss.

The first requirement for a tort is the presence of a legal

duty owed by one person to another. The nature and scope

of these duties (10) are defined mainly by case law. An ex-

обов’язок;

8. тілесне ушкодження,

майнова шкода або

обмеження прав

заявника;

ample of a duty which is important in many lawsuits is the 9. безпосередня причина;

broad rule that a person must act with reasonable regard 10. обсяг цих обов’язків;

for the safety of others (11).

The second requirement for a tort is a breach (12) of

the legal duty. Normally, the issue of whether a legal duty

exists is a question of law, and the issue of whether the duty

11. враховуючи

необхідність

забезпечення безпеки

інших осіб;

has been violated is a question of fact. The judge decides 12. порушення;

whether the law imposes a duty (13), but the jury decides 13. накладати (ставити

whether or not the defendant breached the duty.

за) обов’язок;

The third requirement for a tort is injury or loss suffered 14. важливе право або

by the plaintiff. The injury or loss may be a physical injury,

інтерес;

injury to property, or injury to (or loss of) a valuable right 15. порушення без

or interest (14). In the absence of injury or loss, violation of

спричинення шкоди;

a legal duty is a “wrong without harm” (15) or “damnum 16. слугувати підставою

absque injuria”. Moreover, the injury or loss must be signifi-

(виправданням) для;

cant enough to warrant (16) the court’s time in providing 17. визначення розмірів

and enforcing a remedy (17).

The fourth requirement for a tort is that the defendant’s

відшкодувань та їх

стягнення;

breach of duty is a proximate cause of injury or loss to the plain- 18. істотний чинник;

tiff. Legally, an act is a proximate cause of an event if the act is 19. спричинення

a substantial factor (18) in bringing about the event (19).

настання події.

Дата добавления: 2015-08-13