I. Expressive means and stylistic devices

Expressive means of the language - are those linguistic forms and properties that have the potential to make the utterance emphatic or expressive (T.A.Znamenskaya).

E.M. – devices serving to strengthen communicative effects of speech (text), as opposed to image-creating means (tropes, simile) (Y.M.Skrebnev).

A stylistic devise – is a literary model (prof. I.R.Galperin calls it a generative model) in which semantic and structural features are blended so that it represents a generalized pattern (T.A.Znamenskaya).

S.D. - is choice or arrangement of units to achieve expressive or image-creating effect (Y.M.Skrebnev).

Various classifications of expressive means

This first theory of style included 3 subdivisions:

· the choice of words: lexical expressive means such as foreign words, archaisms, neologisms, poetic words, nonce words and metaphor;

· word combinations: word order, word combinability, rhythm and period (a complete sentence)

· figures of speech: antithesis, assonance of colons, equality of colons.

Theory of expressive means (I.R.Galperin)

· Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices

· Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices

· Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices

Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices

▫ Onomatopoeia (direct or indirect)

Ex. Ding-dong, silver bells.. tinkle, tinkle;

▫ Alliteration (initial rhyme)

Ex. To rob Peter to pay Paul;

▫Rhyme (full, incomplete, broken, eye rhyme, feminine, masculine, also stanza rhymes: couplets, triple, cross, framing/ring).

Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices

1)interaction of various types of word’s meanings: A. Means based on the interplay of dictionary and contextual meanings, Metonymy, Irony.

B. Means based on the interaction of primary and derivative meanings: polysemy, zeugma and pun.

C. Means based on the opposition of logical and emotive means: interjections and exclamatory words, epithet, oxymoron.

D. Means based on the interaction of logical and nominal meaning: antonomasia.

2) the interaction of two lexical meanings simultaneously materialised in the context.

periphrasis, euphemism, hyperbole.

3) stable word combinations in their interaction with the context:

Cliches, proverbs and sayings, quotations, allusions, decomposition of set phrases

Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices

- the juxtaposition of the parts of an utterance (inversion, detached constructions, parallel constructions, chiasmus, repetition, enumeration, suspense, climax, antithesis).

- the type of connection of the parts (asyndeton, polysyndeton, gap-sentence link

- the peculiar use of colloquial constructions (ellipsis “nothing so difficult as a beginning”, aposiopesis = break-in-the-narrative “Good intentions but-…”, question in the narrative, represented speech).

- the transference of structural meaning rhetorical questions, litotes “he was no gentle lamb”).

1) The present subdivision into lexical and syntactical devices may seem dubious: there is a kind of mixture of principles since some devices obviously involve both lexical and syntactical features, e.g. antithesis, climax, irony;

2) Why to place the group “peculiar use of colloquial constructions” among the syntactical means and the group called “ peculiar use of set expressions” among the lexical devices?

The theory of expressive means and stylistic devices by Y.M.Skrebnev

hierarchical arrangement into 5 levels: phonetics, morphology, lexicology, syntax, semasiology (or semantics).

Paradigmatic ← 1.Phonetics → Syntagmatic

Stylistics ← 2.Morphology → Stylistics

← 3. Lexicology →

← 4. Syntax →

← 5. Semasiology →

The theory of stylistic devices, suggested by V.V.Gurevich.

1. Stylistic devices making use of the meaning of language units (figures of speech)

Metaphor (O.I.Glazunova)

· Nominal metaphoric phrase/ construction

· Predicative metaphoric phrase/ construction

· Genitive metaphoric phrase/ construction

· Adverbial metaphoric phrase/ construction

· Attributive metaphoric phrase/ construction

· Simile

Phraseological units

Metonymy

- Synecdoche

- Container instead of content

- Characteristic feature instead of the object

- Name of the instrument instead of the action/doer.

Zeugma, Oxymoron, Hyperbole and Litotes, Epithet, Periphrasis, Antonomasia, Euphemisms, Personification, Allusion, Irony, Rhetorical questions.

2. Stylistic devices making use of the structure of language units

Repetition

1) Lexical repetition

Anaphora – the repetition of he same elements in the beginning of several sentences.

Epiphora - the repetition of he same elements in the end of several sentences.

2) Syntactic repetition (may include syntactic tautology) or syntactic parallelism

Chiasm

- a reversed version of syntactic parallelism.

Climax (gradation) and Anticlimax

Climax – lexical or syntactic repetition of elements which is combined with gradual increase in the emotional colouring of the sentence.

Anticlimax – the opposite to the climax (the final element is obviously weaker in degree).

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