Согласование времен

Урок 1

В соответствии с правилом согласования времён (по-английски – Sequence of Tenses - «последовательность времён»), если главное предложение стоит в прошедшем времени, то зависимое от него придаточное предложение не может стоять в настоящем или будущем времени. Иными словами, время придаточного предложения «согласуется» со временем главного предложения. В русском языке такого правила нет. По-русски можно сказать

«Мы знали, что он любит кофе»

(прошедшее) (настоящее)

или

«Он думал, что погода будет хорошая»

(прошедшее) (будущее).

Для английского языка такая «несогласованность» времён невозможна. При переводе таких предложений на английский язык необходимо «согласовать» время действия придаточного предложения со временем главного предложения:

He said that he liked coffee.

He thought that the weather would be good.

Согласно правилу согласования времён, в придаточном предложении

1) все видо-временные формы будущего времени (Future) меняются на «будущее в прошедшем» (Future in the Past), при этом вспомогательные глаголы shall и will заменяются соответственно на should и would.

Сравните:

I think that Peter will arrive at 5.	I thought that Peter would arrive at 5.
I thinkthat Jane will be sleeping at midnight.	I thoughtthat Jane would be sleeping at midnight.
I think that by noon the report will have been published.	I thoughtthat by noon the report would have been published.

2) все видо-временные формы настоящего времени меняются на соответствующие формы в прошедшем, то есть:

вместо Present Simple используется Past Simple

вместо Present Progressive - Past Progressive

вместо Present Perfect - Past Perfect

вместо Present Perfect Progressive - Past Perfect Progressive

Например:

I am sure Madonna sings well.	I was sure Madonna sang well.
I am glad you have called me. It seems Jane is trying to help me.	I was glad you had called me. It seemedJane was trying to help me.
I know that you have been learning Englishfor 10 years.	I knew that you had been learning English for 10 years.

3) при согласовании времён в придаточном предложении, глагол которого стоит в прошедшем времени, происходит меньше изменений, а именно:

Past Simple меняется на Past Perfect

Past Progressive - на Past Perfect Progressive

Например:

He is proud that he won the prize.

He was proud that he had won the prize.

1. Определите, в каких предложениях содержится ошибка и исправьте её:

1. I tell him the truth when he asked me the question.
2. I understand that you were angry.
3. When he was a child, he always goes to the circus.
4. Last semester he reads seven books and wrote five papers.
5. Steve wakes up early every morning because he went to work early.
6. Mark studied at the American University when he is in Washington, D.C.
7. He put some money in his account when he goes to the bank.

8. She is where she is today because she worked hard when she was a student.

9. I knew that he would arrive soon.

10. I know that they will arrive soon.

11. I know that he would arrive soon.

12. He knew that he will be able to pass the exam.

13. I think that I will leave tomorrow.

14. Paul did not say when he will finish the project.

15. Jake doubts that he would have time to finish the project.

16. I know that I will go if I can afford it.

17. The police officer indicated that he would write a ticket if he has the time.

18. Students will often study in the library before they go to classes or before they go home.

19. He told me that he thought he will get the job in spite of his lack of education.

20. When he receives the money from the insurance company, he had rebuilt the house.

21. The dentist fills the cavities every time the X-rays show that it was necessary.

22. When the bell rang, the students have left the class.

23. The space shuttle would be launched next month if the weather is good.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму глагола:

When I (be) 5 years old, I (think) that I (become) an outstanding mathematician. I (be) sure that by the time I (graduate) from the university, I (know) all over the world. But later I (realize) that all the laws and theorems (invent) and there (be) nothing left for me to discover. As soon as I (understand) that (can) not become as famous as Pythagoras I (start) thinking of other professions. I (decide) to find out which other fields of knowledge (be) as interesting as mathematics, and it (turn out) that I (can) enjoy working as a psychologist. But at that time psychology (be) not very popular, and I (follow) the advice of my aunt who (say) that speaking foreign languages (be) the best thing for a woman. She (say) that if I (become) an interpreter I (pay) just for talking. I (imagine) that if I (work) as a guide I (can) travel a lot and that (make) me the happiest person in the world.

Only after many years I (learn) that one (can) not master a foreign language very quickly, more over, I (find out) that mastering a foreign language (demand) a lot of effort and that one (must) study it every day very hard. But I am still very happy that I (choose) this profession.

Дата добавления: 2015-08-09