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Distinction – различие; investigation – исследование; exclusively – исключительно; to satisfy- удовлетворять; requirement – требование; utility - универсальность; usability – используемость; safety – безопасность; engineering – инженерия; to design – проектировать, строить; to achieve – достигать; consequence – согласование; flow – течение; semiconductor – полупроводник; advanced – продвинутый; to consider – считать; exact – точный; in particular – в частности; immediate – немедленный; to remain – оставаться; research – исследование.
Task 1 Read the text:
The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety.
Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge, to achieve some practical result.
Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering - although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.
The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In the immediate wake of World War II, for example, in the United States it was widely considered that technology was simply "applied science" and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in Vannevar Bush's treatise on postwar science policy, Science -The Endless Frontier: "New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature... This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research." In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious - though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research.
Task 2 Answer the following questions:
1. How are science, engineering and technology connected?
2. What requirement do technologies satisfy?
3. What is engineering?
4. What is technology?
5. Do you agree with the last line of the text?
Task 3 Write the sentences in Passive Voice:
1. They explained this event rather logically.
2. We use these words interchangeably.
3. Commonly we divide science into two major groups.
4. Natural sciences study natural phenomena.
5. One classifies mathematics as a formal science.
6. Major advances in formal science lead to major advances in the empirical sciences.
7. Scientists generated a model.
8. They will depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical physical or mathematical representation.
9. We gathered empirical evidence.
10. Scientists suggested a new hypothesis.
11. The new hypothesis explains this strange phenomenon.
12. He formulated the law of equilibrium.
13. He made falsifiable predictions.
14. You had to modify your hypothesis.
15. One have to establish causational relationships between these phenomena.
16. A theory typically describes the behavior of much broader sets of phenomena.
17. They will perform their research next week.
18. Scientists presented new evidence.
19. Social sciences study human behavior.
20. People gain knowledge constantly.
Task 4 Translate the word combinations:
1. Интересные гипотезы ___________________________________________
2. Семь футов ____________________________________________
3. Два новых вида ____________________________________________
4. Основания ____________________________________________
5. Тонкие слои ____________________________________________
6. Природные явления ____________________________________________
7. Оси координат (an axis) ____________________________________________
8. Три тысячелетия _____________________________________________
9. Тезисы _____________________________________________
10. Критерии оценки _____________________________________________
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| The vocabulary to the Text A. | | | Lesson 11 |