VIII. Write the essay on the following topics

ü If you were given the opportunity to play any part, what kind of role would it be. Give your reasons;

ü Make your own scenario of the film. Think over the details: genre, time, stars, music, costumes.

CHAPTER II. A VARIETY OF FILM GENRES

List of words and expressions on the subject “Film Genres”

feature film – художній фільм

horror film – фільм жахів

thriller – сенсаційний фільм, бойовик, трилер

western = oater – вестерн, фільм про ковбоїв

popular scientific (science film) – науково-популярний фільм

science fiction film – науково-фантастичний фільм

travelogue – фільм про подорожі

adventure film – пригодницький фільм

mystery (detective) film – детектив

documentary – документальний фільм

animated cartoon – мультиплікаційний фільм

colour film – кольоровий фільм

black-and-white film – чорно-білий фільм

full-length motion film – повнометражний фільм

short-length motion film – короткометражний фільм

short film – короткометражний фільм

one-reeler – короткометражний фільм

sound film – звуковий фільм

silent (mute) film – німий фільм

dubbed (in) film – дубльований фільм

three-dimensional film – стереофільм

stereoscopic – стереофільм

wide-screen film – широкоформатний фільм

documentary film (documentary) – документальний фільм

educational film – навчальний фільм, навчальне кіно

animated cartoon film (cartoon) – мультиплікаційний фільм

musical film (musical) – музичний фільм

song-studded film – музичний фільм

comedy (comical) film – кінокомедія

concert film – фільм-концерт

theatrical film– фільм-вистава

stunt – сенсаційний фільм (фільм із трюками)

revue film (review, revue) – фільм-ревю, кіноревю

melodrama (soap opera) – мелодрама («мильна опера»)

pantomime – пантоміма

tragedy – трагедія

gags (comic turns) – комічні трюки (номери)

lampoon – гостра сатира

slapstick – фарс, брутальний гумор

newsreel – кінохроніка, кіножурнал

burlesque – пародія

films made jointly with foreign companies – фільми спільного виробництва з іноземними кіностудіями

amateur motion film – аматорський фільм

cinerama film – панорамний фільм, сінерама

two-reeler – фільм у двох частинах (двосерійний фільм)

TEXT 1

1. Read and retell the text:

Old Western Movie Stars

Westerns are the major defining genre of the American film industry, a nostalgic eulogy to the early days of the expansive, untamed American frontier (the borderline between civilization and the wilderness). It is one of the oldest, most enduring and flexible genres and one of the most characteristically American genres in their mythic origins. This indigenous American art form focuses on the frontier West that existed in North America. Westerns are often set on the American frontier during the last part of the 19th century (1865-1900) following the Civil War, in a geographically western (trans-Mississippi) setting with romantic, sweeping frontier landscapes or rugged rural terrain.

The western film genre often portrays the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature, in the name of civilization, or the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original inhabitants of the frontier. Specific settings include lonely isolated forts, ranch houses, the isolated homestead, the saloon, the jail, the livery stable, the small-town main street, or small frontier towns that are forming at the edges of civilization. They may even include Native American sites or villages. Other iconic elements in westerns include the hanging tree, stetsons and spurs, saddles, lassos and Colt 45's, bandannas and buckskins, canteens, stagecoaches, gamblers, long-horned cattle and cattle drives, prostitutes (or madams) with a heart of gold, and more. Very often, the cowboy has a favored horse, for example, Roy Rogers' Trigger, Gene Autry's Champion, William Boyd's Topper, the Lone Ranger's Silver and Tonto's Scout.

Western films have also been called the horse opera, the oater (quickly-made, short western films which became as commonplace as oats for horses), or the cowboy picture. The western film genre has portrayed much about America's past, glorifying the past-fading values and aspirations of the mythical by-gone age of the West. Over time, westerns have been re-defined, re-invented and expanded, dismissed, re-discovered, and spoofed. In the late 60s and early 70s (and in subsequent years), 'revisionistic' Westerns that questioned the themes and elements of traditional/classic westerns appeared (such as Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), Arthur Penn's Little Big Man (1970), Robert Altman's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), and later Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven (1992)).

Westerns Film Plots

Usually, the central plot of the western film is the classic, simple goal of maintaining law and order on the frontier in a fast-paced action story. It is normally rooted in archetypal conflict - good vs. bad, virtue vs. evil, white hat vs. black hat, man vs. man, new arrivals vs. Native Americans (inhumanely portrayed as savage Indians), settlers vs. Indians, humanity vs. nature, civilization vs. wilderness or lawlessness, villains vs. heroes, lawman or sheriff vs. gunslinger, the rugged individualist vs. the community, the cultivated East vs. West, and farmer vs. industrialist etc. Often the hero of a western meets his opposite "double," a mirror of his own evil side that he has to destroy.

Western heroes are often local lawmen or enforcement officers, ranchers, army officers, cowboys, territorial marshals, or a skilled, fast-draw gunfighter. They are normally masculine persons of integrity and principle - courageous, moral, tough, solid and self-sufficient, maverick characters (often with trusty sidekicks), possessing an independent and honorable attitude (but often characterized as slow-talking). The Western hero could usually stand alone and face danger on his own, against the forces of lawlessness (outlaws or other antagonists), with an expert display of his physical skills (roping, gun-play, horse-handling, pioneering abilities, etc.).

There are many old western movie stars worthy of remembrance. The popular western genre has been around since the days of silent film. In 1903 the first western movie, The Great Train Robbery, made its debut. It was a huge hit that opened the doors to a genre that still remains popular to this day. It's mostly men that make up a list of old western movie stars. Though women certainly acted in western movies, there were few who actually specialized in the genre. It was the hard riding and gun shooting men that really attracted audience attention.

Broncho Billy (1880 – 1971)

Broncho Billy, whose real name Gilbert Maxwell Aronson, was known as the first western movie star. He was also in the first western movie ever made and became very well known. From 1908 to 1915, he starred in many short films that were shown across the country. He made an appearance in his last film, The Bounty Killer, in 1965, at the age of 85.

Gary Cooper (1901 – 1961)

Gary Cooper started his career in films as a stunt rider. He starred in his first western movie in 1926 and was considered an absolute hit. Though he starred in a wide variety of movies, Cooper continued to be a pillar in the western movie genre, right up to his last film in 1961.

Gene Autry (1907 – 1998)

Gene Autry, known as a singing cowboy, helped define a softer side in western movies. He was clean cut fellow with a true gift for singing and playing the guitar. He started in 93 films from 1934 to 1953 and helped popularize the musical western movie.

John Wayne (1907 – 1979)

John Wayne, affectionately known as "the Duke," is considered the quintessential western movie star. He helped define the western movie genre, though he starred in more movies than just westerns. From his first movie in 1920 to his last movie in 1976, he appeared in over 175 films.

nostalgic eulogy – ностальгічна данина пошани

rugged terrain – пересічна місцевість

ranch house – ранчо

hanging tree – страта через повішання

buckskins – штани зі шкіри оленя

stagecoach – диліжанс, поштова карета

a person of integrity – чесна, справедлива людина

a maverick character – незалежна особистість

be self-sufficient – бути самовпевненим

sidekick – відданий друг

outlaw – злочинець

II. Answer the questions based on the text above:

1) What was the first western movie?

2) What does western usually portray?

3) What is essence of American frontier?

4) What specific setting does western include?

5) What other iconic elements can you mention?

6) What things were the integral parts of any cowboy’s life?

7) What is another name of western? Why is it called so?

8) What kind of conflict is typical for westerns?

9) Which characters are presented in this genre? Which features of character do they have?

10) Why does western still attract the audience all over the world?

11) Which famous actors starred in westerns? Give short description of their contribution to this genre.

TEXT 2

I. Read and retell the text:

Horror Films: Why We Like To Watch Them

Horror is an ancient art form. We have tried to terrify each other with tales which trigger the less logical parts of our imaginations for as long as we've told stories. From the ballads of the ancient world to modern urban myths, audiences willingly offer themselves up to sadistic storytellers to be scared witless, and they are happy to pay for the privilege. Theories abound as to why this is so; do we derive basic thrills from triggering the rush of adrenalin which fear brings, or do horror stories serve a wider moral purpose, reinforcing the rules and taboos of our society and showing the macabre fate of those who transgress?

Horror movies have long served both purposes. They deliver thrills by the hearseload, as well as telling us stories of the dark, forbidden side of life (and death) - cautionary tales for grown-ups. They also provide a revealing mirror image of the anxieties of their time. Nosferatu (1922) is not simply a tale of vampirism, but offers heart-rending images of a town beleaguered by premature and random deaths, echoes of the Great War and the Great Flu Epidemic fatalities. At the other end of the century Blade (1998) is not just a tale of vampirism either, but reflects a fear of the powerful yet irresponsible elements in society, echoes down the corridor indeed of the seemingly impunitive behaviour of those at the top.

Each generation gets the horror films it deserves, and one of the more fascinating aspects of the study of the genre is the changing nature of the monsters who present a threat. In the early 1940s, a world living under the shadow of Hitler's predatory tendencies identified a part-man, part-wolf as their boogeyman, whose bestial nature caused him to tear apart those who crossed his path. In the 1990s however, there was no need for a part wolf component: Jonathan Doe (Se7en 1994) and Hannibal Lecter (Manhunter 1986, Silence of the Lambs 1991, Hannibal 2001) were entirely human in their calculated and stylised killing methods. As we move on into the twenty first century, the ghosts and zombies are back in vogue as Eastern and Western superstitions converge, and once more we yearn for an evil that is beyond human. In an era of war and waterboarding, supernatural terror is more palatable than the fear inherent in news headlines.

The horror genre is one of the most uncomplicated forms of entertainment. The number one goal of the horror genre is produce fear in the audience. Whether the antagonist is a monster, a ghost or a feral animal, the basic concept is the same: the hero must fight against horrific forces for his life and often his soul. Unlike drama, where the goal is to get the audience to experience a range of emotions, horror has a much simpler goal. The goal is to get the audience to experience fear. An expert in the horror genre will have a number of tools at her disposal to create fear. Among the most common are:

· A chill in the air. Practitioners of the horror genre use atmosphere to establish a supernatural world, where fear is the common currency. Gloomy weather, shadowy locations and strange noises in the distance are just a few ways to establish that something wicked this way comes. Often, the amount of time and detail devoted to the atmosphere of a work of horror allows the environment to become a leading character in the work.

· Not for the timid. Works of horror often use graphic violence, strong language and sexual situations to evoke fear, anger and tension, respectively. While any or all of these devices may be implied, they are often explicit in today's horror.

· He can't be stopped! Most works in the horror genre feature an antagonist that is supernatural or has supernatural abilities. While monsters were popular in the past, human (or human seeming) villains are more common in current work.

· "The End," or is it? Typically, the endings of horror works are left unresolved. Although cynics may claim that this device is used to create room for sequels, the traditional open-ended conclusion also gives the audience a sense that the threat still waits just around the corner.

· Watch out for that cat! Unexpected events (sometimes called "pop-outs") are used to keep the audience guessing and the level of tension high. Falling objects, darting animals and sudden loud noises are examples of this technique.

· No problem telling the bad guy. Antagonists in the horror genre tend to have exaggerated personalities-their evil tends to come with a capital "E." Horror villains are often cold, unreasoning and unreasonably cruel.

to trigger – запускати, приводити в дію

to reinforce – посилювати

to transgress – порушувати закон, правила

hearseload – труна з покійником

a beleguared town – місто, взяте в облогу

an image – привид

impunitive behavior – безкарна поведінка

boogeyman = bogeyman – монстр, чудовисько

boogeyman stories – страшні історії

a feral animal – дика тварина

II. Answer the questions based on the text above:

1) What purposes do horror stories serve?

2) Do you agree that horror films are so-called cultural and spiritual mirror of any epoch as well as generation? Support your opinion.

3) What is the difference between movies of 40’s and 90’s?

4) What kind of characters is typical for the XXI^st century films?

5) Why is the horror genre considered to be one of the most uncomplicated? Support your opinion.

6) What goal do the horror film makers try to achieve?

7) Which tools do the experts in horror films use to evoke fear?

8) What kind of atmosphere do the film makers use to achieve special effect?

9) The open-ended conclusion in horror films remains more preferable. Explain why?

10) What is the purpose of using unexpected events?

TEXT 3

I. Read and retell the text:

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