The difference between nuclear safety and security

Benchmark 2- Nuclear Security

Students-participants: Tatyana Kolenova and

Evstigneeva Anastasia,

students of 10^th grade, school 109

Teacher-consultant: Lidia Zaynullina

Trekhgorny, Chelyabinsk region

Russia

2011– 2012

Contents:

I. Introduction

II. Chapter 1: The difference between nuclear safety and security

III. Chapter 2: How these two concepts cooperate

IV. Chapter 3: The changes in the field of nuclear safety of Pakistan

V. Chapter 4: The possibility of nuclear terrorism in Pakistan

VI. Chapter 5: The possibility of terrorists obtaining nuclear material

VII. Chapter 6: Prevention of nuclear terrorism

VIII. Chapter 7:Summits

IX. Bibliography:

Introduction

Nuclear Security

“The prevention and detection of, and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive substances or their associated facilities.”

From IAEA glossary

[1] Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world on construction and operation of civil nuclear power installations.

The history of development of nuclear branch of Pakistan began from 1970th years when the first small (125МВТ) a nuclear reactor on heavy water (was established to Canadian pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) near Karachi which works at low power.

Below, we provide the table of all of nowadays existing nuclear objects of Pakistan. Only 3 nuclear power plants for today work.

Nuclear power reactors	Type	Location	Net capacity	Construction start	Connected	Commercial operation
KANUPP-I	PHWR	Karachi	125 MWe	1.08.1966	18.10.1971	07.12.1972
CHASNUPP-I	PWR	Chasma	300 MWe	1.08.1993	13.06.2000	15.09.2000
CHASNUPP-II	PWR	Chasma	300 MWe	28.12.2005	14.03.2011	20.05.2011
CHASNUPP-III	PWR	Chasma	300 MWe	28.04.2011		Not known
CHASNUPP-IV	PWR	Chasma	300 MWe			Not known
KANUPP-II	PWHR	Karachi	600 MWe	Project was put on hold in 2009	Not known	Not known
KANUPP-III	PHWR	Karachi	450 MWe	Construction has not yet started	Not known	Not known

[made by Kolenova Tatyana and Evstigneeva Anastasia]

From the table we see that in Pakistan exist 2 main nuclear complexes:

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_location_map.svg 17 March 2012   18 March 2012

Chashma Nuclear Power Complex

Karachi Nuclear Power Complex

Responsibility for nuclear objects bears PACE (The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission), and also scientific and nuclear government agencies. Pakistan is one of 4 countries not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of the nuclear weapon, but being the member of IAEA and having good reputation in this organization. It is necessary to notice that all objects are under IAEA guarantee.

International cooperation:

China

One of active assistants is China. China helped Pakistan with construction of nuclear reactors. Construction of CHASNUPP-III and CHASNUPP-IV is the joint project of Pakistan and China where China acts as the main contractor.

France

Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8052587.stm 17 March 2012

In May, 2009 France agreed to cooperate with Pakistan in the sphere of nuclear safety. [2]

Japan

In 2011 Japan and Pakistan signed the agreement on non-proliferation of the nuclear weapon (agreement for nuclear non-proliferation).

Fuel cycle:

In Kahuta is small plant on uranium enrichment. In 2006 of PACE declared that is planned to construct the Nuclear Power Fuel Complex consisting of plants on uranium enrichment and production of fuel.

The government set the task by 2015 to make to 350 tons of U3O8 a year.

Nuclear Accidents: [3]

On October 18-19, 2011 on the nuclear power plant of KANNUP-I there was a leakage of heavy water from a giving pipe in the reactor. Failure occurred during technical check and service which began still on October 5. At plant entered state of emergency and allocated the struck site. 7 hours later state of emergency was cancelled and leak is taken over the control. As a result of failure nobody suffered, about radiation or damages wasn't reported. In 4 weeks of the nuclear power plant again worked.

Chapter 1

The difference between nuclear safety and security

Nuclear safety	Nuclear security
Nuclear safety is an achievement of appropriate service conditions, accident prevention and mitigation of their consequences, protection of workers, the population and environment from excessive danger of radiation. Nuclear safety is a prevention and response to thefts, diversions, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other harmful actions connected with a nuclear material, other radioactive substances or the related objects.	Nuclear safety is a prevention and response to thefts, diversions, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other harmful actions connected with a nuclear material, other radioactive substances or the related objects.
Safety concerns protection of people and environment against radiating risks and safety of objects and kinds of activity which bring to radiating risks. Safety concerns risk as a result of incidents, and also other possible direct consequences of loss of control over a nuclear reactor, nuclear chain reaction, a radioactive source or any other source of radiation.	Safety concerns risk as a result of incidents, and also other possible direct consequences of loss of control over a nuclear reactor, nuclear chain reaction, a radioactive source or any other source of radiation.

Source: <http://security.wonuc.org/>17 March 2012  

Source: <http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39655&Cr=nuclear&Cr1> 17 March 2012  

There is not an exact distinction between the general safety conditions and safeties. If to speak about safety as a whole, it is necessary to tell that nuclear safety – concept wider, than nuclear safety as failures on the nuclear power plants occurring because of a natural factor, happen several times more often than acts of terrorism, thefts and other acts of man at nuclear stations. [4]

Chapter 2

How these two concepts cooperate

Any failure at the nuclear enterprise isn't considered, as a result only one of destroying factors: human or natural. So, we can't tell that concepts «nuclear safety» and «nuclear safety» don't cooperate.

Source: <http://www.bioprepwatch.com/us_bioterror_policy/u-s-assumes-leadership-of-g8s-non-proliferation-bodies/322874/> 17 March 2012    

First, nuclear safety and safety carry out mutual control the friend over the friend. That is, watching safety, that is protection against natural influences, people automatically supervise also safety of the nuclear power plant. It is necessary to consider situations when protection against natural factors disturbs protection functioning from human influence. For example, to carry out doctrines which model a situation and an act of terrorism, and natural cataclysm, practically impossibly. Also European Union carries out "stress tests". [5]

Source: <http://www.nirs.org/> 17 March 2012    

Secondly, the measures accepted in case of an emergency situation at the nuclear enterprise at influence of a natural and human factor, have mass of similarities. For example, the organized evacuation of people is in any case carried out. [6]

[made by Kolenova Tatyana and Evstigneeva Anastasia]

Chapter 3

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