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The 18th century was also remarkable for the development of science and culture. It was in this period that English painting began to develop too. English painting of the 18th century is represented by such great names as William Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough and William Blake.
In spite of the progress of industry and culture in England, the majority of the English people were still very ignorant. That is why one of the most important problems that faced the country was the problem of education.
The 18th century is known in the history as the period of Enlightenment. The Enlighteners defended the interests of the common people. They considered it their duty to enlighten people, to help them see the roots of evil and the ways of social reformation. The Enlighteners also believed in the powerful educational value of art. The central problem of the Enlightenment ideology was that of man and his nature.
In English literature the period was famous for the nourishing of journalism, which played an important part in the public life. A lot of journals and newspapers began to publish. They touched on different problems of political, social and family life. They shaped people’s views.
The leading literary genre of the period became a novel (moralizing, realistic and sentimental). It is represented by Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Richard Sheridan and other great writers. Ordinary people, mostly representatives of the middle class, were the main characters of these novels.
Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words and word-combinations:
Honour, power unit, introduction, invention, improvement, efficient, steam engine, sentimental, manufacture, to publish, ignorant, agricultural, universal.
Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
Именно в этот период начала также развиваться английская живопись; английская живопись 18-го века представлена такими великими именами, как...; не смотря на...; одной из основных проблем, возникших перед страной, была проблема образования; они считали своим долгом...; помочь им увидеть корни зла; простые люди, в основном представители среднего класса; расцвет журналистики; они затрагивали различные проблемы; они формировали общественное мнение.
Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:
1. One of the least important problems that faced the country was the problem of education. 2. The 19th century is represented by such great names as William Hogarth, William Blake and Thomas Gainsborough. 3. The Enlighteners believed in the powerful value of medicine. 4. A lot of journals and newspapers shaped people’s views. 5. Representatives of the upper class were the main characters of the novels. 6. One day James Watt found that he could greatly improve the machine.
Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
1. Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift. 2. They touched on different problems of political, social and family life. 3. Moralizing, realistic and sentimental novel. 4. The central problem of the Enlightenment ideology was that of man and his nature. 5. James Watt introduced the term “horse power”. 6. It wasn’t universal.
Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:
1. The leading literary genre of the period was …. 2. The 18th century is known for …. 3. The Enlighteners believed …. 4. Thomas Gainsborough, Joshua Reynolds were …. 5. A primitive steam engine ….
Ex.10 Answer the following questions:
1. How did Britain become a powerful country?
2. Was it a cultural revolution that made Britain a powerful country?
3. Why were the majority of the English people still very ignorant?
4. What did the Enlighteners defend? What was their duty?
5. What for was this period famous in English literature?
6. What problems did journals and newspapers touch?
7. What was the leading literary genre of the period?
8. Who provided important components of early industrial revolution?.
Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 6 of the plan in detail.
1. The 18th century was remarkable for the development of science and culture.
2. It is represented by many great names.
3. The Enlighteners defended the interests of the common people.
4. The central problem of the Enlightenment ideology was that of man and his nature.
5. The leading literary genre of the period became novel.
Ex.12 Give a written summary of the text in 5-7 sentences.
Text 3
Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:
Adventure, adventurous, butcher, to deal with, to imprison, to persecute, priest, success, to be a success in, urgent.
Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:
1. That was an…question to decide. 2. What is his profession? 3. He is a …. 4. The critics stated that his life was rather … as he traveled a lot. 5. I don’t want to … him. He is not reliable at all. 6. Those who are in debts can be …. 7. …of that young genius was incredible. 8. His father wanted the son to become a …
Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
1. It was due to him that the genre became once and forever established in European literature. 2. He participated in the revolt against James II. 3. His first works were satirical poems dealing with the urgent problems of his time. 4. Later he published a satirical pamphlet, written in support of the Protestants, persecuted by the government and the Church. 5. Robinson Crusoe (1719) - based on the story of William Selkirk, who went to sea in 1704 and was put ashore at his own request.
Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:
1. Who is considered to be the father of the English literature? 2. What is the origin of Daniel Defoe’s name? 3. Did he travel in any countries on business? 4. Why was he imprisoned? 5. What were his first works? 6. What is the full title of the book “Robinson Crusoe”? 7. Who is the prototype of Robinson? 8. What was the name of Crusoe’s friend?
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
Daniel Defoe is considered the father of the English and the European novel. It was due to him that the genre became once and forever established in European literature.
Daniel Defoe's life was complicated and adventurous. He was the son of a London butcher whose name was Foe, to which Daniel later added the prefix De. His father wanted his son to become a priest. Daniel was educated at a theological school. But he never became a priest. He became a merchant. He travelled in some countries on business. Defoe was not a success in business but these travels gave him material for his future novels.
Daniel Defoe took an active part in the political life of Britain. He participated in the revolt against James II. The revolt was defeated and Defoe had to hide himself for some time. His political activity had ups and downs. He was even imprisoned for his attack against the Church.
In 1690s Daniel Defoe turned to literature. His first works were satirical poems dealing with the urgent problems of his time. Later he published a satirical pamphlet, written in support of the Protestants, persecuted by the government and the Church. For the pamphlet Defoe was arrested and imprisoned.
At the age of 60 he wrote his first and most popular novel “The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”. It was followed by some other novels of adventure.
Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words and word-combinations:
Merchant, revolt, satirical, to put ashore, to rescue, footprint, behaviour, listlessness, spiritual, to survive, a mariner, alien.
Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
Насущный, приключение, успех, священник, преследовать, опасный, мясник, иметь дело с, именно благодаря ему...; этот жанр раз и навсегда утвердился (обосновался) в...; он принимал активное участие в политической жизни; он участвовал в восстании против...; Дефо пришлось прятаться (скрываться) в течение какого-то времени; он опубликовал...;..., написанный в поддержку...; он был арестован и заключен в тюрьму; в возрасте шестидесяти лет....
Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:
1. Daniel Defoe is considered the father of English poetry. 2. His life was complicated and adventurous. 3. His father wanted him to become a sailor. 4. Defoe was a success in business. 5. His political activity had ups and downs. 6. For the novel“ Robinson Crusoe” he was arrested.
Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
1. It was due to him that the genre became once and forever established in European literature. 2. He became a merchant. 3. He participated in the revolt against James II. 4. In 1690s Daniel Defoe turned to literature. 5. At the age of 60 he wrote his first and most popular novel.
Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:
1. Daniel Defoe's life was …. 2. Daniel Defoe took an active part …. 3. His first works were …. 4. As a journalist Defoe …. 5. Robinson Crusoe is a story based …. 6. Crusoe meets …. 7. After several lone years. ….
Ex.10 Answer the following questions:
1. Was Daniel Defoe’s life easy?
2. Where was he educated?
3. Where did he find the material for his novels?
4. Was he active in political life of Britain?
5. When did he turn to literature?
6. What is the most popular novel of his?
7. For how many years did Crusoe stay at the island?
Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 6 of the plan in detail.
1. His first works were satirical poems dealing with the urgent problems of his time.
2. Robinson Crusoe (1719) - based on the story of William Selkirk, who went to sea in 1704 and was put ashore at his own request.
3. It was due to him that the genre became once and forever established in European literature.
4. Later he published a satirical pamphlet, written in support of the Protestants, persecuted by the government and the Church.
5. He participated in the revolt against James II.
Ex.12 Give a written summary of the text in 5-7 sentences.
Text 4
Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:
To bring up, dean, grotesque, hyperbole, irony, poverty, private, vicar, distant relative.
Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:
Our main purpose is to … … the new generation. 2. …. was the main topic to speak about during the conference. 3. Who is this man? – He is a … … of mine. 4. Are you making fun of him? – No, it’s just … 5. Who is the … of the faculty? 6. At early 20s he worked as a ….
Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
1. Jonathan was brought up by his rich uncle Godwin Swift. 2. At 21 Swift went to live in England and became private secretary of a distant relative. 3. With the help of Sir William, Swift got the place of vicar in a small church. 4. Swift's literary work was always connected with his political activity. 5. Swift
criticized the reality using allegorical pictures, hyperbole, grotesque, and irony.
Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:
1.When was Jonathan Swift born? 2. Why was his family leaving in poverty? 3. Where did he study? 4. What were his favourite subjects? 5. What did he take in 1692? 6. He became the ideological leader of the English people, didn’t he?
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
Jonathan Swift was born on November 30, 1667 in Dublin (Ireland) in an English family. His father died seven months before Jonathan's birth leaving his family in poverty. Jonathan was brought up by his rich uncle Godwin Swift who sent him to school and then to Trinity College in Dublin. There he studied theology and later became a parson. His favourite subjects, however, were not theology but literature, history and languages. At 21 Swift went to live in England and became private secretary of a distant relative, Sir William Temple, writer and a well-known diplomat of the time.
In 1692 Jonathan took his Master of Arts Degree at Oxford University. With the help of Sir William, Swift got the place of vicar in a small church in Ireland where he stayed for a year and a half.
Then he came back to England and lived there till Sir William's death in 1698.
In 1713 Jonathan Swift was sent to Dublin as Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral. Living in Dublin Swift took an active part in the struggle of the Irish people for their rights and interests, against poverty and English oppression. In fact he became the ideological leader of the Irish people. At the age of 78 he died and was buried in the Cathedral, the Dean of which he was most of his life.
Swift's literary work was always connected with his political activity. He wrote numerous political pamphlets, which had a great influence on the readers. But the best work of the talented man is his novel “Gulliver's Travels”. It is one of the books most loved by children because it tells of the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver in four strange countries. But the author did not mean to write a book to amuse children. It was a satire to the evils of the society he lived in. Swift criticized the reality using allegorical pictures, hyperbole, grotesque, and irony.
Swift's art had a great influence on the further development of English and European literature.
Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words and word-combinations:
Development, have a great influence, amuse, talented man, connected with, vicar, oppression, private secretary, satire.
Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
Оставив свою семью в нищете; в двадцать один год; личный секретарь; дальний родственник; получил степень Магистра искусств; в течение полутора лет; он принимал активное участие в борьбе...; дальнейшее развитие литературы.
Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:
1. Jonathan Swift was born on November 30, 1667 in Dublin (Ireland) in an Irish family. 2. Jonathan was brought up by his rich aunt. 3. In Dublin he studied theology and later became a teacher. 4. In 1713 Jonathan Swift was sent to Dublin as Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral. 5. Swift's literary work was never connected with his political activity.
Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
1. At 21 Swift went to live in England. 2. In 1692 Jonathan took his Master of Arts Degree at Oxford University. 3. He became the ideological leader of the Irish people. 4. He wrote numerous political pamphlets. 5. The author did not mean to write a book to amuse children.
Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:
1. Jonathan Swift was born …. 2. He was sent to …. 3. At 21 Swift went …. 4. With the help of Sir William, Swift …. 5. At the age of 78 …. 6. It was a satire …
Ex.10 Answer the following questions:
1. Where was Jonathan Swift born?
2. Who brought up Jonathan?
3. What did he study at college?
4. When did he go to England?
5. How long did stay in Ireland?
6. With what was Swift's literary work connected?
7. What is the book most loved by children?
Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 5 of the plan in detail.
1. Swift's literary work was always connected with his political activity.
2. Jonathan was brought up by his rich uncle Godwin Swift.
3. Swift criticized the reality using allegorical pictures, hyperbole, grotesque, and irony.
4. At 21 Swift went to live in England and became private secretary of a distant relative.
5. With the help of Sir William, Swift got the place of vicar in a small church.
Ex.12 Give a written summary of the text in 5-7 sentences.
UNIT 7
BRITAIN IN THE 19th CENTURY
Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:
Ally, rival, contemporary, victory, statue, invasion, crisis, to await, contradiction, to deepen, escape, channel, troops, border.
Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:
1. France was the main … of England. 2. Britain’s ….were Russia and Austria. 3. His … described his biography. 4. That was a fascinating … of Napoleon. 5. You can see a high … in the center of the square.
6. The … of the country longed for years. 7. An economic … took place in 1880s.
Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
1. Britain was the main rival of France. 2. Napoleon had to dive up his invasion plans. 3. The only country that escaped the conquest was England. 4. The industrial power of England continued to grow. 5. Nelson’s bravery as a naval commander was never doubted. 6. His famous signal was hoisted on the flagship.
Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:
1. What is the beginning of the 19th century known for? 2. Who was the main rival of France and Napoleon? 3. Why did Napoleon have to give up his invasion plans? 4. When did Nelson make his name?
5. Who is Britain’s national hero?
Text 1
The beginning of the 19th century in the world history is known as the period of Napoleonic wars. Britain was the main rival of France and Napoleon planned to invade England. He gathered a large army at the French channel port of Boulogne. All England was awaiting the invasion in great tension. But the Britain's allies, Russia and Austria, which troops were marching to the Bavarian border, stopped Napoleon's plans. Napoleon had to direct his army to defeat them. Thus the danger to Britain was past. Moreover, Napoleon had to give up his invasion plans after Admiral Nelson's brilliant victory near Cape Trafalgar in 1805. So of all those nations that fought Napoleon, only England escaped the conquest.
Nelson’s bravery as a naval commander was never doubted by his contemporaries. He always led his men by his own example. He first made his name at the battle of St. Vincent in February 1797, during which he captured two enemy ships. During the wars against France in the 1790s he took part in many sea battles and lost his right arm and the sight in his right eye.
Besides his personal bravery, Nelson was skilful commander enjoying great love and devotion of the men who served under him: they were ready to die for him.
Nelson took daring but calculated risks. He openly disobeyed his superiors when he thought it necessary.
Nelson sailed from England for the last time in 1805, as Commander – in – Chief of the British Fleet to meet France and Spain at cape Trafalgar, the most south – westerly point of Spain.
At Nelsons instruction, the famous signal was hoisted on the flagship: “England expects that every man will do his duty”.
At the battle raged around, Nelson was on the deck. A musket ball fired from a French ship struck him in the left shoulder and pierced one of the lungs. The wound was mortal. He died a few hours after that. But before he died he learned that he had won a great victory.
Admiral Nelson is Britain’s national hero. A tall column crowned with his statue stands in Trafalgar square in London, in memory of this great man.
During the second half of the 19th century economic and social changes took place in Britain. It went through the Industrial Revolution. The industrial power of Great Britain continued to grow. It was becoming a great commercial power in the world. At the same time the wealth and power of Britain as a country was opposed to the terrible poverty of its working people. An economic crisis that took place in the1880s deepened the social contradictions in Great Britain.
Boulogne - Булонь
Cape - мыс
Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words:
Wealth, poverty, flagship, hoist, Commander-in-Chief, to capture, battle, naval, fleet, pierce, column.
Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
Основной противник, войска, мировая история, завоевание, в ожидании, блестящая победа, граница, богатство, усиливать, союзник, поднять сигнал, главнокомандующий, пронзить, мушкетная пуля, победа, флагманский корабль.
Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:
1. During the wars against Spain in 1790s Nelson took part in many sea battles. 2. Nelson was s skilful commander but there was no great love and devotion of the men who served under him. 3. Nelson died without knowing the result of the battle. 4. Russian and Austrian troops stopped Napoleon’s plans. 5. Only Russia escaped the conquest. 6. An economic crisis in Britain took place in 1980s.
Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
1. Napoleon planned to invade Britain. 2. The British allies were Russia and Austria. 3. Napoleon had to direct his army to defeat troops. 4. Admiral Nelson’s brilliant victory near Cape Trafalgar in 1805. 5. It was becoming a great commercial power in the world.
Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:
1. Napoleon gathered …. 2. The danger to Britain …. 3. Of all nations that fought Napoleon only ….
Ex.10 Answer the following questions:
1. Who gathered a large army at the French tunnel?
2. What was all England waiting for?
3. Why did Napoleon have to direct his army to the Bavarian border?
4. When was the brilliant victory of Admiral Nelson near Cape Trafalgar?
5. What was the famous signal hoisted by Nelson on the flagship?
6. What kind of wound did Nelson get?
7. Were there any problems facing Britain during the second half of the 19th century?
Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 3 of the plan in detail.
1. His famous signal was hoisted on the flagship.
2. The industrial power of England continued to grow.
3. Nelson’s bravery as a naval commander was never doubted.
4. The only country that escaped the conquest was England.
5. Britain was the main rival of France.
6. Napoleon had to dive up his invasion plans.
Ex.12 Give a written summary of the text in 5-7 sentences.
Text 2
Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:
To advance, body (ship), inventor, bulb, cargo, forerunner, mantle, screw propeller, severe, spiritual, vulgar, representative, to struggle, discovery.
Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:
1. The greatest discovery was the electric light …. 2. One of the greatest … was G.G Byron. 3. He called the people to … for a better time. 4. Many scientists and … became world famous through their …and inventions. 5. Gas lighting was not safe until the gas … was invented. 6. The intellectual and … life in England was very important.
Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
1. In 1800 science began to play a very important role in technological development. 2. The engine had a top speed of 24 km an hour. 3. The revolution in natural science was associated with the name of Charles Darwin. 4. They protested against the severe and vulgar reality and chose the world of adventure. 5. The British inventor built a new type of ship with a large iron body and screw propeller.
Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:
1. What did the progress in science make possible? 2. Who became world famous through the discoveries and inventions? 3. What was a top speed of the engine? 4. What were the forms of the lighting until 1800s? 5. What was associated with the name of Ch. Darwin? 6. Where were the social and political developments in Britain reflected?
English Science and Literature
During the 1800s, science began to play a very important role in technological development. The great advances in medicine, industry, agriculture, and communications were based on scientific knowledge. The progress in science made possible such great inventions as the locomotive, electric lighting, and telegraph. Many scientists and inventors became world famous through their discoveries and inventions.
At the start of the 1800s, George Stephenson (1781-1848) was asked to design a steam-powered locomotive for the first public railroad. It ran 40 miles (65 kilometers) from Stockton to Darlington. The engine had a top speed of 24 kilometers an hour.
The telegraph was the forerunner of the telephone. Two Englishmen, C. Wheatstone and W. Cooke, invented it in 1837.
In 1843 the British inventor Isambard Kingdom Brunei (1769— 1849) built anew type of ship. It had a large iron body and screw propeller, and could carry more cargo more safely than the wooden, sail-powered ships of the time. The ship was named the “Great Britain”.
Until the 1800s, the only forms of lighting were fires, candles, and oil lamps. Gas lighting became widely available in the 1800s. In 1807 Pall Mall, in London, became the first street in the world to be lit with gas. Gas lighting was not very safe until the gas mantle was invented in 1885.The greatest discovery was the electric light bulb. In 1878-1879 it was invented independently by Englishman Joseph Swan and American Thomas Edison.
The revolution in natural science was associated with the name of Charles Darwin. He created a materialistic theory of evolution, which was very important not only for biological science but also for the spiritual and intellectual life of England.
The Industrial Revolution in England and the French Bourgeois Revolution had a great influence on the cultural life of Britain. The social and political developments in Britain were reflected in the literature of those years.
Nineteenth-century English literature began with revolutionary romanticism. One of its greatest representatives was George Gordon Byron (1788—1824). He was against the existing order and called the people to struggle for a better future. Pushkin and Lermontov admired Byron's poetry. Pushkin called him the «ruler of peoples' thoughts».
From the 1830s some writers became known as the founders of the critical realistic novel of the 19th century. They raised the problems put forward by the main conflict of the historic period — the conflict between labour and capital. Their main representative was Charles Dickens.
At the end of the 19th century anti-realistic trends developed in English literature. This literature was represented by such writers as Robert Louis Stevenson and Oscar Wilde. They protested against the severe and vulgar reality and chose the world of adventure, dreams and beauty. Their works had no urgent social problems.
Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words and word-combinations:
Изобретение, изобретатель, железная дорога длинной 5 км, скорость, предшественник, груз, обновленный тип, парусники, электрическая лампочка, улица, освещенная газом, представитель, сражаться.
Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
Наука начала играть важную роль; достижения в медицине; основывались на научных знаниях; сделал возможным; открытия и изобретения; мог перевозить больше груза; газовое освещение стало широко доступно; он создал теорию эволюции; получило свое отражение в литературе; революционный романтизм; они были против существующего порядка; призывали народ бороться за лучшее будущее; главный представитель.
Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:
1. The revolution in natural science was associated with the invention of electric lighting. 2. In 1807 High Street in London became the first street in the world to be lit with gas. 3. The telegraph was the forerunner of the post. 4. The progress in science couldn’t make possible such great inventions as the locomotive and telegraph. 5. During 1900s, science began to play a very important role.
Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
1. The great advances in medicine, industry, agriculture and communications were based on scientific knowledge. 2. G. Stephenson was asked to design a steam powered locomotive. 3. The first public railroad ran 40 miles. 4. The greatest discovery was the electric bulb. 5. The industrial Revolution in England and the French Bourgeois Revolution had a great influence on the cultural life of Britain.
Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:
1.In the 19th century science began …. 2. The progress in science made …. 3. The telegraph was …. 4. In 1807 Pall Mall …. 5. The revolution in natural science was …. 6. G.G. Byron was against …. 7. Charles Dickens became known as ….
Ex.10 Answer the following questions:
l. What were the main advances in communications?
2. What kind of ship did the British inventor Brunei build?
3. What was the main advantage of the new kind of ship?
4. What kind of lighting replaced candles and oil lamps?
5. Who created the theory of evolution?
6. How were the social and political developments of Britain reflected in literature?
7. Name the representatives of the literary trends of the 19th century.
Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 5 of the plan in detail.
1. In 1800 science began to play a very important role in technological development.
2. The engine had a top speed of 24 km an hour.
3. The revolution in natural science was associated with the name of Charles Darwin.
4. They protested against the severe and vulgar reality and chose the world of adventure.
5. The British inventor built a new type of ship with a large iron body and screw propeller.
Ex.12 Give a written summary of the text in 5-7 sentences.
Text 3
Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:
Debt, to earn, to extract, lawyer, salary, shoeblacking, workhouse, clerk, debtors’ prison, blacking factory, character.
Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:
1. He worked as a … and … a lot of money. 2. The main … of book captured the interest of readers. 3. If you borrow a lot of money you can appear to be in …. 4. All people work to … money. 5. The … of high educated workers should be higher. 6. The last … factory was closed.
Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
1. He got his primary education at a small school. 2. His father was a clerk in a navy office. 3. Being a reporter, he went all over the country, getting news, writing stories and meeting people. 4. Dickens liked the job and took it, and that is how the book Pickwick Papers came into being. 5. The book was a great success with the reading public. 6. He criticized the negative sides of the society, children's labour, the system of education.
Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:
1. When and where was Charles Dickens born? 2. What did his father do? 3. How old was Charles when he went to work in a lawyer's office? 4. When did he begin to write his first short stories about London life? 5. What countries did Dickens visit? 6.What did he criticize?
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
Charles Dickens was born in Landsport in 1812, in a small town near the sea, in a middle-class family. He got his primary education at a small school and from his mother who was a well- educated woman.
In the 1821 the Dickens family moved to London. His father was a clerk in a navy office. He earned a small salary there and usually spent more than he earned. As a result of such living he was imprisoned for debts. At that time Charles was ten years. The boy went to work at a factory in the East End of London. There he stuck labels on bottles of shoeblacking all day long for a few pennies. This was the most unhappy time of all his life.
Later the boy went to school for three years and after that he learned shorthand, from the age of 15, he went to work in a lawyer's office. He continued to educate himself, mainly by reading books. At the age of 18 he became a reporter in Parliament. Being a reporter, he went all over the country, getting news, writing stories and meeting people.
In 1833 he began to write his first short stories about London life. There were a number of sketches, which he published under the title Sketches by Boz.
In 1837 Dickens became well known to the English readers. It happened like this. A firm of publishers had a number of pictures by a humorous artist. They wanted to get some short texts to illustrate them, so that the pictures and articles could appear together in a magazine in fortnightly parts. Someone suggested giving the job to the young newspaper reporter Charles Dickens. Dickens liked the job and took it, and that is how the book Pickwick Papers came into being. The book is about Mr. Pickwick and his three friends, who decide to travel about England and send to the Pickwick club in London an account of their journeys and their observations of the people they meet on these journeys. The humour of the book consists in the absurd situations which Mr. Pickwick and his friends get into. The book was a great success with the reading public, and Dickens at once became the most popular novelist of his time.
The rest of the writer’s life is a story of work without rest. He wrote novel after novel. At the same time he was editing newspapers and magazines, he traveled a lot. Dickens visited America, France and Italy. In 1858 he began to tour England, reading extracts from his work to the public. These readings were a great success, for Dickens was a very good actor. At the same time he continued to write. Dickens developed the English social novel, writing about the most burning social problems of his time. He wrote about the workhouses of England and the tragedy of the children who lived there. He wrote about the problems of law and justice. He criticized the negative sides of the society, children's labour, the system of education.
Critics often say that Dickens made his characters unreal, strange, non-true to life. However, thanks to the writer’s great talent, these characters become alive in his pages. They were real enough for Dickens. And so we believe in his characters because he believed in them himself. He shows us a great moving picture of everyday life and ordinary people.
The hard work and traveling was bad for his health. He died after a heart attack in 1870. he lies buried in Westminster Abbey but as he wished without nothing on the stone except his name.
Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words and word-combinations:
Heart attack, moving picture, the most burning social problems, workhouses, edit newspapers, fortnightly parts, to illustrate, to tour.
Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
Долговая тюрьма, фабрика, изготавливающая ваксу, издательская фирма, стать известным, социальная несправедливость, благодаря великому таланту, описание путешествий, нелепые ситуации, раз в две недели.
Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:
1. Charles Dickens was born in Landsport in 1812, in a small town near the sea, in an upper-class family. 2. Later the boy went to school for three years. 3. Pickwick Papers is a book about Mr. Dickens and his three friends. 4. The humour of the book consists in the funny situations. 5. In 1858 he began to tour France, reading extracts from his work to the public. 6. Critics often say that Dickens made his characters real and true to life.
Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
1. He got his primary education at a small school and from his mother. 2. His father was a clerk in a navy office. 3. This was the most unhappy time of all his life. 4. A firm of publishers wanted to get some short texts to illustrate them. 5. In 1858 he began to tour England, reading extracts from his work to the public. 6. We believe in his characters because he believed in them himself.
Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:
1. Charles Dickens was born …. 2. In the 1821 the Dickens family…. 3. In the East End of London ….
4. At the age of 18 …. 5. There were a number of sketches …. 6. Someone suggested …. 7. The humour of the book consists in ….
Ex.10 Answer the following questions:
1. Where did he get his primary education?
2. When did the Dickens family move to London?
3. Why did Charles go to work to a factory?
4. What did he do being a reporter?
5. In what way did Dickens become well known to the English readers?
6. What is the book “Pickwick Papers” about?
7. The book was a great success with the reading public, wasn’t it?
8. What kind of novel did Dickens develop?
9. What do critics often say about Dickens?
Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 6 of the plan in detail:
1. Being a reporter, he went all over the country, getting news, writing stories and meeting people.
2. His father was a clerk in a navy office.
3. He criticized the negative sides of the society, children's labour, the system of education
4. He got his primary education at a small school.
5. The book was a great success with the reading public.
6. Dickens liked the job and took it, and that is how the book Pickwick Papers came into being.
Ex.12 Give a written summary of the text in 5-7 sentences.
Text 4
Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:
Blacksmith, bookbinding, electric current, imagination, to strike one’s imagination, liquid, to measure, to run across.
Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:
1. I was walking along the street when I … … her. 2. He had a very vivid …. 3. The main problem of his researches he set as …. 4. This … can’t be frozen. 5. How can we measure the electric …? 6. Do you know any … in the village? 7. That horror film … my ….
Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
1. The English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday was largely self-taught. 2. He provided the idea and basic framework for the construction of the electric motor. 3. It struck his imagination and aroused his interest. 4. The problem of electricity and magnetism interested him above all.
Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:
1. What education did Faraday get? 2. Did he have chances to get it? 3. What did his father? 4. Who made possible the age of electricity? 5. Who was an outstanding scientist and the most popular lecturer in London at that time?
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
The English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday was largely self-taught, but he became one of the most brilliant scientists of his age. His main contribution to science was in the field of electromagnetism. Among many other developments, he provided the idea and basic framework for the construction of the electric motor. Faraday was one of those great men who made possible the age of electricity in which we live.
Michael Faraday was born in a poor family in 1791. His father was a blacksmith and Michael had little chance to get an education. When the boy was thirteen he was sent to learn bookbinding. He read many of the books he had to bind and made notes from those books that interested him most. Once when binding an encyclopedia, he ran across an article on electricity. It struck his imagination and aroused his interest.
With the little money he could save, he bought a cheap and simple apparatus and started to make experiments. He began to attend the lectures of Humphry Davy, an outstanding scientist and the most popular lecturer in London at that time. It was Davy who helped Faraday to become an assistant at the laboratory of the Royal Institute and to get good knowledge of the subject. While still an assistant Faraday helped Davy to create a safety lamp for miners. He learned chemistry, lectured for young people interested in science and wrote for a scientific journal. At the same time he worked on the problem of turning gases into liquids.
For several years he worked at the problem of a perfect optical glass and made a glass that greatly improved the telescope.
Yet the problem of electricity and magnetism interested him above all. At last in 1831 he made his major discovery in the field the electromagnetic induction. Among a number of other discoveries he is also known to have measured for the first time the electric current.
Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words and word-combinations:
Contribution, provide, bind, outstanding, attend lectures, optical glass, physicist, self-taught, framework, make notes, apparatus, assistant, miner, discovery, major, induction.
Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
Вклад, выдающийся, делать заметки, главный, аппарат, посещать занятия, введение, переплетать, самоучка, воображение, жидкость, измерять, электрический поток, кузнец.
Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:
1. The English chemist and teacher Faraday was largely self-taught. 2. He provided the idea and basic framework for the construction of the washing machine. 3. Michael Faraday was born in a poor family in 1771. 4. He read none of the books he had to bind. 5. He learned physics, lectured for young people interested in science. 6. At last in 1831 he made his minor discovery.
Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
1. His main contribution to science was in the field of electromagnetism. 2. Michael had little chance to get an education. 3. Once he ran across an article on electricity. 4. It was Davy who helped Faraday to become an assistant at the laboratory. 5. The problem of electricity and magnetism interested him above all.
Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:
1. Faraday was one of those great men who …. 2. When the boy was thirteen …. 3. With the little money he could save …. 4. At the same time he worked …. 5. He is also known ….
Ex.10 Answer the following questions:
1. What was his main contribution to science?
2. Which idea did he provide?
3. When was Michael Faraday born?
4. How old was he when he was sent to learn bookbinding?
5. When did he run across an article on electricity?
6. How much time did he work at the problem of a perfect optical glass?
7. When did he make his major discovery in the field the electromagnetic induction?
Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 4 of the plan in detail.
1. The problem of electricity and magnetism interested him above all.
2. He provided the idea and basic framework for the construction of the electric motor.
3. The English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday was largely self-taught.
4. It struck his imagination and aroused his interest.
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