Terms and Vocabulary.

anticipated load	ожидаемая нагрузка
BOP (blowout preventer)	противовыбросовое устройство, противовыбросовый превентор
casing hanger	клиновой захват для спуска обсадных труб
casing string	колонна обсадных труб
conductor casing	направляющая труба (первая колонна обсадных труб, спускаемая в буровую скважину на сравнительно небольшую глубину для придания скважине правильного направления и перекрытия и пород, склонных к осыпанию)
conduit	трубопровод
guide shoe (casing shoe)	башмак обсадных труб (деталь из твердой стали, прикрепляемая к нижней трубе обсадной колонны и снабжена острым краем для срезания грунта)
intermediate casing	промежуточная обсадная колонна (техническая)
liner hanger	подвеска обсадной колонны хвостовика
pay zone	зона с промышленной нефтегазоносностью
production casing	эксплутационная колонна
production interval	продуктивный интервал
setting	установка; спуск и посадка обсадных труб
setting depth	глубина установки
slip	клин, плашка
surface casing	колонна обсадных труб после кондуктора (кондуктор)
surface string	комплект противовыбросовых превенторов
threaded connection	резьбовое соединение

3. Match the casing with its functions.

1. Conductor casing	Environmental protection, drilling fluid circulation, corrosion protection, drilling efficiency increase, wellhead load support, BOP equipment support, troublesome formation protection, sediment isolation; to seal off unconsolidated formations, to prevent from formation cave-in, to decrease pressure, to prevent from water pollution, to isolate production zone.
2. Surface casing
3. Intermediate casing
4. Production casing
5. Liner

Underline the components or functions that are correct.

1. Casing is a strong

a) lead pipe b) steel pipe c) the entire length of all the joints

2. Casing protects the shallow zones from

a) being contaminated b) caving in c) being flooded

3. Intermediate casing is needed for

a) pressure stabilization b) production interval isolation c) wellhead support

4. Liner consists of

a) joints and collars b) catches and slips c) collars and slips

5. Production casing

a) can be replaced b) can be repaired c) protect environment

6. Conductor casing has

a) the largest diameter b) the widest walls c) the smallest diameter

5. 9 Listen to the description of the well completion process. Then read the statements and choose the alternative – A, B, C or D – that best suits the information in the text.

1. To complete the oil or gas well

A. a production casing is used.

B. a surface casing is used.

C. a conductor casing is used.

D. an intermediate casing is used.

2. Primary recovery means that hydrocarbons are forced up to the surface due to

A. primary pressure

B. secondary pressure

C. air pressure

D. natural pressure

3. Even the field is developed professionally,

A. nine per cent of gas and forty five per cent of oil remain behind.

B. ninety per cent of gas and forty five per cent of oil remain behind.

C. fifteen per cent of gas and fifty four per cent of oil remain behind.

D. fifty per cent of gas and fourteen per cent of oil remain behind.

4. The Christmas tree is

A. a wellbottom area fitted with attractive drill bits.

B. a wellhead area fitted with surface casing.

C. a wellbottom area fitted with downhole pumps and valves.

D. a wellhead area fitted with many valves and pipes.

5. It is possible for a well to make a stand up to

A. five kilometers from the production platform.

B. five kilometers from the nearest pipe connection.

C. as many kilometers as necessary.

D. five kilometers from the wellhead.

6. Read the text “ Eight Steps Ensure Successful Cement Jobs”. Define eight factors the operators must consider for successful cementing jobs.

Drilling mud condition cement composition selection proper cementing system selection spacer and flush use the casing centralization pressure optimization the pipe move displacement rate maximization proper temperature slurry design

1. Drilling mud condition

This factor is the most important in achieving good displacement during a cement job. The following measures are necessary to follow:

· determine the hole volume that can be circulated; evaluate the % of wellbore that is actually being circulated (for best results, use a caliper or material balance to determine downhole fluid mobility and check for annular fluid that is not moving);

· circulate the drilling mud to help break the gel structure of the fluid; condition the drilling mud until equilibrium is achieved (after casing is on bottom and before the displacement begins, circulating the mud decreases its viscosity and increases mobility);

· never allow the drilling mud to set static for extended periods, especially at elevated temperatures. (mud properties coming out of the well are the same as the mud pumped in); continue circulating until displacement program begins;

· modify the flow properties of the drilling fluid to optimize mobility and drilling cuttings removal;

· examine the mud gel strength profile during the job planning stage and just before the cement job (an optimum drilling fluid will have flat, non progressive gel strengths);

· measure the gel strength development during the job planning stage, at downhole temperature and pressure.

2.

They separate the dissimilar drilling mud from the cement. Also they enhance gelled-mud removal and allow better cement bond with the borehole. They are designed to serve various needs: (1) help well control; (2) provide increased mud-removal benefits. The following guidelines should be considered to achieve maximum mud displacement:

· pump the spacer fluid at an optimized rate or as fast as possible without breaking down the formation;

· provide spacer contact time and volume to remove the greatest possible amount of mud;

· make sure the viscosity, yield point and density of both the spacer and the cement slurry, are at least the same as the drilling fluid;

· design the spacer package to water-wet the surface of the pipe and formation thoroughly when using oil-based or synthetic – based drilling fluids.

Flushes are used for thinning and dispersing drilling – fluid particles. These fluids go into turbulence at low rates, helping to clean drilling fluid from the annulus.

3.

· rotating and reciprocating casing before and during cementing breaks up stationary, gelled pockets of drilling mud;

· loosens cuttings trapped the gelled mud

· allows high displacement efficiency at lower pump rates by keeping the drilling mud flowing.

4.

It helps to optimize drilling –fluid displacement. Good pipe standoff helps ensure uniform flow patterns around the casing. Equalizing the friction loss or force that flowing cement exerts around the annular clearance increases drilling-fluid removal. The best mud displacement at optimum rate is achieved when annular clearance is 1-1.5in. Pipe movement and displacement are severely restricted. Centralizers and other mechanical cementing aids commonly used in the industry, also serve as inline laminar flow mixers. They change flow patterns and promote better mud displacement and removal.

5.

· high-energy flow in the annulus is most effective to ensure good mud displacement;

· turbulent flow around the full casing circumference is desirable, but not absolutely essential;

· when turbulent flow is not a viable option for the formation or wellbore configuration, the highest pump rate is feasible;

· the best cementing results are obtained when the spacer and cement are pumped at maximum energy, the spacer is appropriately designed to remove mud and good competent cement is used.

6.

One can optimize cost and displacement efficiency by following guidelines:

· design the job on basis of actual wellbore circulating temperatures;

· estimate the bottomhole circulating temperature (BHCT) using the API;

· use the actual downhole temperatures measured;

· include surface mixing time when estimating job time.

7.

Operators are encouraged to design cement slurry for its specific application, with good properties to allow placement in a normal time period. The ideal cement slurry has no measurable, free water, provides adequate retarder to ensure proper placement and maintains stable density to ensure hydrostatic control. Several criteria affect slurry design:

· well depth

· BHCT

· Bottomhole static temperature (BHST)

· Drilling fluid hydrostatic pressure

· Drilling fluid type

· Slurry density

· Lost circulation

· Gas migration potential

· Pumping time

· Quality of mix water fluid-loss control

· Flow regime

· Quality of cement

· Dry or liquid additives

· Strength development

· Quality of the cement testing laboratory and equipment.

8.

These systems vary in their capability to provide good zone isolation in changing environments. The traditional approach to cement selection has been on the basis that higher compressive strengths result in higher cement sheath quality. One of the most versatile systems to apply is foam cement, which produces a more ductile and resilient cement and withstands the stress associated with casing expansion and contraction.

(Oil &Gas Journal, 1999)

Match the two parts of the sentences.

1. Low annular clearance	A. real bottomhole temperature analysis.
2. Drilling mud flow properties are	B. the turbulent flow is required.
3. Displacement efficiency can be achieved by	C. equal the cement slurry density and yield point as well.
4. Drilling fluid density and yield point	D. define the slurry composition.
5. Flow patterns can be changed by	E. influences mud displacement.
6. For displacement rate increase	F. mechanical cementing technologies application.
7. Pumping time can	G. in proportion to drilling cuttings removal rate.

Look through the text once again and fill in the chart.

Steps	Objective	Description	Priority
drilling mud condition
cement composition selection
proper cementing system selection
spacer and flush use
the casing centralization
the pipe move
displacement rate maximization
proper temperature slurry design

You have got some money for drilling procedure improvement in a certain oilfield. Unfortunately, the sum is not great and you are to choose four steps for successful cementing jobs. Moderate the whole implementation procedure and be ready to prove your choice.

WORDLIST

ENGLISH	RUSSIAN
annular clearance	затрубный интервал
annular space	затрубное пространство
anticipated load	ожидаемая нагрузка
bond (bonding)	соединение
BOP (blowout preventer)	противовыбросовое устройство, противовыбросовый превентор
bottomhole circulation temperature (BHCT)	динамическая температура на забое
bottomhole static temperature (BHST)	статическая температура на забое
casing circumference	окружность обсадных труб
casing failure	разрушение обсадных труб
casing hanger	клиновой захват для спуска обсадных труб
casing head pressure	давление на устье скважины
casing string	колонна обсадных труб
cement sheath	фильтрационная корка на стенках скважины
centralizer	центратор- для центрирования колонн обсадных труб
compatibility	совместимость
compressive strength	предел прочности при сжатии
conductor casing	направляющая труба (первая колонна обсадных труб, спускаемая в буровую скважину на сравнительно небольшую глубину для придания скважине правильного направления и перекрытия и пород, склонных к осыпанию)
conduit	трубопровод
contact time	время контакта
contaminate	загрязнять
contraction	сжатие
disperse	диспергировать
displacement rate	объемный расход
downhole (bottomhole)	забойное давление
drill cuttings	шлам
drilling fluid	буровой раствор (промывочная буровая жидкость)
ductile	пластичный вязкий
elevated temperature	надземная \ поверхностная температура
equivalent circulating density (ЕCD)	эквивалент циркуляционной плотности
expansion	расширение
flow path	пути проникновения потока
flow pattern	структура потока
fluid mobility	подвижность жидкости
fluid removal	смещение жидкости (отвод жидкости)
flush(es)	струя жидкости
foam cement	цементная пена
friction loss	потери на трении
gelled mud	густой буровой раствор
guide shoe (casing shoe)	башмак обсадных труб (деталь из твердой стали, прикрепляемая к нижней трубе обсадной колонны и снабжена острым краем для срезания грунта)
hole volume	объем скважины
inclination	угол наклона буровой скважины к горизонту
intermediate casing	промежуточная обсадная колонна (техническая)
laminar flow	ламинарное течение
liner hanger	подвеска обсадной колонны хвостовика
pay zone	зона с промышленной нефтегазоносностью
production casing	эксплутационная колонна
production interval	продуктивный интервал
reciprocating	расхаживание труб
resilient	упругий \ эластичный
retarder	замедлитель реакции \ демпфер
set time	установленное время
setting	установка; спуск и посадка обсадных труб
setting depth	глубина установки
slip	клин, плашка
slurry	цементный раствор
spacer(s)	промежуточное кольцо (жидкость с высокой вязкостью и плотностью для удаления бурового раствора)
standoff	степень центрирования (обсадной колонны в стволе)
surface casing	колонна обсадных труб после кондуктора (кондуктор)
surface string	комплект противовыбросовых превенторов
surge pressure	гидравлический удар (давление)
swab (pressure)	поршень для откачки из скважины
thickening time	время загустевания цементного раствора
threaded connection	pезьбовое соединение
water wet	смачиваемость
weighted spacer	утяжелитель
yield point	предел текучести

APPENDIX

SELF- ASSIGNMENT TOPICS

1. Sophisticated bits-characteristics and classification.

2. Drilling fluid

3. Underbalance drilling

4. Centralizers

5. Horizontal –direction drilling

6. Vertical drilling

7. Side tracking

8. AutoTrack

9. Modernization of downhole turbine motors

10. Completion (types)

11. Completion components

12.Perforation

13. Stimulation

14.Sand control

15. Workovers

16.Environment protection

17. Support –and-alignment mechanisms

18. Piston pumps

19.Turbodrilling

REFERENCES

1.	Dictionary for the Petroleum Industry, Schlumberger, Austin, Texas, 1997
2.	JP Journal: 2004 -2007
3.	Oil and Gas Journal: 1999-2005
4.	Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX, USA. 1992
5.	Primer of Oilwell Drilling. Basic Text of Oil and Gas Drilling: Ron Baker; Houston, Texas, 1994
6.	Wood’s Illustrated English – Russian \ Russian-English Petroleum Technology Dictionary, ALBION, WOODS Pub.
7.	Белоусов,В., Нефтегазовая промышленность, Основные процессы и англо-русская терминология. М.:ООО Техинпут,2006
8.	Булатов, В.В. Пальчиков, В.В.: Англо-русский словарь по нефти и газу, М.: Руссо, 2001
	INTERNET RESOURCES
	www.en.wikipedia.org
	www.bakerhughes.com

Chapter 4

Pipeline Engineering

R.N. Abramova

Т.V. Vasilchenko

UNIT 1

PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

Pipeline transport is a transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used.

As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore, sewage, slurry, water, or even beer pipelines exist; but the most important are those transporting oil and natural gas.

Lead-in

Fill in the spider gram with the words associated with Pipeline Engineering

Explain your associations.

---

Дата добавления: 2015-10-26