Make these sentences negative and interrogative.

1. She will have cooked dinner by the time you come.

2. The teacher will have looked through all our exercise- books by the end of the week.

3. The film will already have started when we get there.

4. I shall have read the book by next Monday.

5. My parents will have gone to bed when we come back from the theatre.

6. The students will have passed their exams by July

7. We shall have finished our work by the time the bell rings.

Exercise 9

What will life be like in the year 2030?

Complete the sentences using will (shall) have + Past Participle form

Example: By 2030 the world's population will have increased to around 30 000 million.

1. Life... (become) more automated by then.

2. Computers... (take over) many of the jobs that people do today.

3. The earth's supplies of oil, coal and gas... (run out).

4.... scientists (find) other sources of energy?

5. How... education... (change)?

6.... we (find) a way to feed all the people in the world?

7.... the climate (change) greatly?

8. Many new medicines... (be invented) that will save life of many sick people.

Lesson 4

Grammar: 1. Passive Voice § 5 2.Text: "Other kinds of pollution" I.

I. Read and translate the following words and word- combinations:

Noise, acid, pesticides, mercury, lead, trouble, urban, rural, expose, loud, airplane, trucks, construction, cause, extreme, deafness, blood, pressure,

substance, weapons, nuclear, cell, eliminate, major, insects, pests, tissue,

II. Find the definition for the following words:

Noise, pesticide, blood, cell, tissue, insects, urban, rural.

1). Substance used to destroy pests

2). Mass of cells and cell products in an animal body

3). Loud and unpleasant sound, especially when confused and undesired.

4). Microscopic unit of living matter

5). Red liquid flowing throughout the body

6). Sorts of small animal, e.g. ant, fly, wasp, having six legs and no backbone and a body divided into three parts (head, thorax, abdomen).

7). Suitable for the countryside

8). Of or in a town.

III. Read and translate the text A:

Other Kinds of pollution

Some things that pollute the environment cannot be classified as air, water, or soil pollutants, or as solid wastes. They travel through and affect various parts of the environment. These pollutants include noise, radiation, acid rain, pesticides, and such metals as mercury and lead.

Noise is an especially trouble some pollutant in urban areas. People in and near cities are exposed to loud noise much of the time. The noise comes from such things as airplanes, automobiles, buses, motorcycles, trains, trucks, construction projects, and industries. The noise causes discomfort in human beings. In extreme cases, loud noise can also damage hearing or even cause deafness.

Radiation is an invisible pollutant that can be highly dangerous. Nuclear radiation comes from radioactive substances, including waste from nuclear weapons testing and from nuclear power plants. Small amounts of electromagnetic radiation are produced by a variety of electronic devices, including computers, lasers, microwave ovens, television sets, and X- ray machines. Scientists have not determined exactly what effects small amounts of radiation have on humans. But exposure to large amounts can cause cancer and harmful changes in reproductive cells. International agreements ban most testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. Such regulations have helped to eliminate major sources of radiation.

Acid rain has become an increasingly serious problem. This pollutant forms when moisture in the air combines with nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide released by automobiles, by factories, and by power plants that burn coal or oil. The reaction between the moisture and the chemical compounds produces nitric and sulfuric acids, which fall to the earth with rain or snow. The acids pollute lakes, streams, and oceans, resulting in the death of fish and the contamination of drinking water. They also can damage crops and forests and cause harmful changes in soil. This form of pollution can even damage buildings and statues. In addition, acid rain pollutants sometimes travel long distances, even from one country to another.

Pesticides affect more than the natural cycles in soil and water. Much pesticide material never reaches the insects or other pests it is intended to kill. Instead, tiny particles of the pesticide travel through the air and water, sometimes for great distances. Humans and animals that come in direct contact with the pesticide take it into their bodies, and the material collects in tissues and organs. Humans and animals also take in pesticides indirectly when they eat organisms that contain the material. For example, a large fish can take in heavy amounts of pesticide by eating smaller fish that have the material in their bodies. A human being may then eat the large fish and acquire the highly concentrated pesticide material. When materials are passed from one organism to another in this way, the materials travel through an ecological system called a food chain.

Thousands of tons of mercury, lead, and other heavy metals are put into the water and air each year in the form of liquids and gases. Most of these materials come from combustion processes in industries or from motor vehicle engines. Heavy metals, like pesticides, are long lasting and can spread over large areas. They also collect in tissues and organs and can pass through food chains. Most heavy metals are highly poisonous. In large amounts, they can affect the human nervous system.

Noise pollution is a problem in urban areas. Loud noises annoy people and, under some circumstances, can cause damage to hearing. Noises are measured in units called decibels. The chart below shows the approximate decibel level from some sources of noise and effects various decibel levels can have.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1) What does environmental pollution include except air, water, soil pollution?

2) From where does the noise come?

3) Is radiation an invisible pollutant?

4) From where does radiation come?

5) How does acid rain pollutant form?

6) Do pesticides affect as dangerous pollutants?

V. Make up sentences using the following words and word- combinations:

Loud noise, damage, invisible pollutant, nuclear, weapons, serious, problem, heavy metals.

VI. Discuss with your partner the present-day environmental situation in Kazakhstan.

VII. Give the annotation of the text A.

VIII. Read and translate text B:

"What is noise?"

Words to Help You Understand the Passage

vibrations Vibrations are rapid movements back and forth.

decibel The unit used to measure the loudness of a sound is called a decibel.

prolonged Prolonged means lengthened or made longer. Prolonged noise continues for a long period of time.

amplified To amplify means to make greater or stronger. Amplified instruments produce louder sounds than normal instruments do.

______________

What is noise? The American National Standards Institute defines noise as "any undesired sound." This means that any sound can become a noise. How does this happen? Sound is produced by vibrations of air. The sources of the sound – a piano, a voice, a loud bell – starts the air moving in waves. These air waves are funneled through your outer ear to your eardrum. The air waves cause your eardrum to vibrate, and you hear sound.

The human ear can hear a wide range of sounds. This range is measured in units called decibels. The sound of a whisper has a decibel level of 20, the sound of conversation has a decibel level of 60, and the sound of an airplane is about 110 decibels.

Sound is said become noise (and can begin to damage your hearing if it is continued), when it goes above 86 decibels. Of course, sounds below 86 decibels can be called noise when they interrupt other sounds and are unwanted. An example of this is the sound of a vacuum cleaner when it drowns out your telephone conversation.

Prolonged noise can cause deafness. Doctors have found that electric guitars and other amplified instruments may produce decibel levels from 90 to 105. These levels, doctors feel, can begin to cause deafness in the musicians and their listeners if their ears are continuously hit by such high decibel noise.

1. What is this passage about?

(1) noise (3) decibels

(2) deafness (4) sound

2. Which of these does NOT define noise?

(1) a sound above 86 decibels

(2) a sound that is unwanted

(3) a sound that can cause deafness

(4) a sound that is a unit

If something had decibel level of 70, it would probably not be called

(1) a noise (3) a cause of deafness

(2) a sound (4) unwanted

4. What is the purpose of this passage?

(1) to describe noise

(2) to describe a decibel

(3) to explain what causes deafness

(4) to warn musicians about using amplified instruments

5. What does "unit" mean in this passage?

(1) an official person (3) a fixed amount

(2) an inch (4) a jar

IX. Read the text quickly and find the paragraph that contains the answer to each of these questions.

Why are the forests being destroyed? (two reasons)

Who is to blame?

What other problem does the destruction of the forest cause?

Why won't new forests be planted?

X. Read the text and find the answers.

The disappearing rain forest

1. Before the end of this lesson another hectare of the world's forests will be destroyed forever. Why is this happening? There are two reasons-land and wood. In many countries the trees have been cut down because the land was needed for animals or crops. In other parts of the world the trees are cut down because their wood is wanted. This wood is used by the local people for firewood. Or it is exported to Japan, Europe and North America. There it is used for buildings or it is made into furniture.

2. Unfortunately, in most places the trees won't be replaced. The soil in the forests is very thin, but it is protected by the trees. When the trees are cut down, the soil is washed away by the rain or blown away by the wind. Soon nothing can be grown on it. The forest becomes a desert. Then more land will be needed and more trees will be cut down.

3. When the forest is destroyed, it isn't only the trees that are lost, the homes of millions of animals and plants are destroyed, too. At the moment there are between five and ten million species of animals and plants on the Earth. By the year 2000, one million of these will be extinct- that's one species every hour. All kinds of species are in danger- fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, insects and shellfish – as well as thousands of plants.

4. Who is to blame for this disaster?

The answer is simple: all of us. There are just too many people in the world. The world's population is now over one billion people. Of course, it's very easy to blame the local people. We don't chop down trees. They do. But the products are bought by people like you and me- the hi-fi with its teak loudspeakers, or the nice mahogany chairs. Why are the forests being destroyed? Just look around. You're probably sitting on it or listening to it.

XI. Speak on environmental problems

We could divide the problems into waste issues and resource issues.

waste issues: resource issues

air pollution forests

- smog - over harvesting

- ozone depletion - cutting trees to make

- acid rain pasture and grazing

lands

Water pollution soil

- hazardous waste - erosion

- sewage problems - irrigation / desertification

- heavy metals - contamination

- agricultural wastes - over-mining

- polluted water coming wildlife

- into the country from - hunting

- other countries - loss of habitat

- loss of species

Solid waste water

- landfills dumps - drought

- incinerators / air pollution - overuse

- plastic / litter energy

- hazardous waste storage - overuse of coal, oil

and gas

- type of energy resources

available

Grammar exercises

Passive Voice

(Indefinite Tense Forms)

This work

Is Was will be must be can be may be

done

every day. yesterday. tomorrow at once at any time today now.

(Perfect Tense Forms)

1. The telegram hasjust been sent. 2. This house has been built for a year (since autumn). 3. The work had been done by five o’clock yesterday. 4. Everything will have been arrangedby the end of day (by the time he comes back, etc.)

(Continuous Tense Forms)

A new road

Is being Was being

made

There now There when I stayed In this town.

Exercise 1

Read and translate:

Margaret sang a song A song was sung by Margaret.

The policeman caught the thief The thief was caught by the policeman

The teacher taught the class The class was taught by the teacher.

The boys kicked the ball The ball was kicked by the boys.

The grocer sells tea Tea is sold by the grocer.

Cotton grows in Shymkent region. Cotton is grown in Shymkent region.

I' m afraid the fire will destroy I’m afraid those houses will be

those houses. destroyed by the fire.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences using the following words and word combinations:

The desired level has been achieved...

The living standards are being raised...

The wages were increased...

The plan had been adopted...

last year, already, greatly at that time, before this took place, all over the country, but there is still much to do, it is a great successes had been achieved, before the new people live very well there, because people are doing their best.

Exercise 3

Turn the following sentences using the verbs in the Passive Voice according to the Model.

Model: Someone gave him a newspaper- He was given a newspaper. They promised her a new interesting job.- She was promised a new interesting job.

1. I gave him a book to read. 2. My friend showed me the photos. 3. They teach the group five lessons every day. 4. I threw him the ball. 5. The firm sent him a letter. 6. Someone left me a note. 7. The nurse read the children a fairy- tale.

Exercise 4

These are the passive forms of the Present, Past and Future Tenses. Study the sentences. Translate them into Kazakh.

1. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving. 2. The problem will be discussed later. 3. My sister is being shown a new video. 4. The letter was given to him at once. 5. The director was being interviewed when I came in. 6. The boy has just been sent to bed. 7. A new park will have been laid out by summer. 8. He found out that the house had been sold to a rich businessman. 9. Have you heard the news? The Governor had been shot. 10. Jane did not know about the change of plans. She had not been told.

Exercise 5

A volcano has erupted in southern Italy. It had lain dormant for over 200 years until yesterday. Here is the report from last night's 9 o' clock news. Underline all the examples of the Passive, then using the report complete the sentences.

"Here I am standing on top of a pile of rubble. Yesterday it was a school. It seems that over 2000 people have been found so far. Many hundreds more have still to be traced. The volcano erupted just as every one in this sleepy little town was having breakfast. Some were killed by the blast and the heat. Some were killed when their houses collapsed-they were buried alive in the rubble. Children were killed as they were being driven to school by their parents. Most of the people who died had been born here, and had lived all their lives in this village. The blast was felt 50 miles away. As we look out from this scene of chaos to the beautiful hills and mountains around, it is difficult to believe what has happened. Lives which were happy have been ruined, families which were happy have been split up, a whole community has been destroyed. This is Michael Buck for the 9 o'clock news at the scene of the disaster."

1. Many people have not yet been...

2. Because so many building fell down, lots of people were.... alive.

3. Many of the children were in cars which were being by their parents.

4. The effects of the eruption were....by people living many miles from the scene.

5. The school has been....

6. Most of the dead were people who had been... in the area.

7. Because so many families have been... up, the community has been....

8. It may be weeks before we know how many people have been....

Exercise 6.

Sometimes the best way to say what we want to say is to use the Active:

I didn't lose my watch.....

And sometimes the best way to say what we mean is to use the Passive:

It was stolen by someone at the party.

Write a passive sentence in each of the following examples.

1. Her husband didn't die (murder)

2. I didn't jump. (push)

3. Everyone thinks I resigned, but I didn't. (sack)

4. I didn't leave, you know (ask to leave).

5. People think I taught myself to play the guitar. (teach/ by Nurlan).

Exercise 7

Supply the sentences with by or with.

1. The Gondbruch "was directed... Charlie Chaplain.

2. These photos were taken... a very cheap camera.

3. The gate was opened... one of the girls.

4. The cake was made... dried fruit.

5. The cake will be made... my aunt.

6. I was hit... umbrella.

7. I was hit... an old lady.

8. The garage was painted...a new kind of paint.

9. The garage was painted... a friend of mine.

Exercise 8

Choose the right form (Active or Passive).

1. The book is being discussed / is discussing now.

2. The children are being played / are playing football in the yard.

3. This fact was mentioned / mentioned by many people.

4. Our car is usually repaired /repairs in Mike Anderson's garage

5. The children have been put to bed / will put to bed by their nurse.

6. All my questions were answered / will answer after classes.

7. The flowers will be watered / are watering in the evening.

8. My parents aren't approved of / don't approve of heavily made up girls.

9. The suit – cases had been packed / had packed by 6 o'clock as the train started / was started at 7 p.m.

10. The house didn't live in / was not lived in autumn and winter.

11. The garden looks after very well/ is well looked after.

12. Doctors send for / are sent for when people feel unwell.

Exercise 9

Read the legend and say what holiday it is connected with. Find the verbs used in the Passive Voice.

Once upon a time there was a big forest through which many travelers went to get to the town on the other side. The forest was so big and dark that the travelers often got lost. They tried to find their way and finally came to a pretty little cottage where a witch tricked the poor travelers by placing a magic spell on them. One day a poor little girl, got lost in the forest. It grew very dark and the girl was frightened. She tried many times to light the candle but couldn't. Then the poor girl walked under a big nut tree but the witch turned the nut over the little girl's head into a pumpkin. The girl felt around in the dark and found out a pumpkin. She hollowed it and put the candle into the pumpkin, and then put it on her head. After a while she came to the witch's cottage. On seeing a horrible two- headed monster the witch fell down on the stone floor and soon died. The magic spell was lifted and the travelers were saved.

· witch – cықыршы әйел, мыстан

· to place a magic spell on smb.- заколдовать кого- либо. Біреуді сиқырлап тастау.

Lesson 5

  Grammar: Clauses § 6 Text: Agriculture

I Read and translate the following words and word- combinations:

food, feed, clothing, shelter, tribe, seed, captivity, skill, wild, hunting, fishing, plant, search, activity, output, art, craft, supply, possible, improvement, labor, tool, cultivating, harvesting, occur.

II Form sentences using the words given below.

Model: important, agriculture, is, world's the, most, industry – Agriculture is the world's most important industry.

1. provides, with, us, almost, our, all, food, it.

2. Agriculture, many, improvements, in, came, slowly, for, centuries,

3. 11, 000 years, in, the, it, to develop, began, about, ago, Middle East.

III Give definitions to the following words:

Agriculture, tribe, supply, tool, livestock, fertilizers, captive.

a) chemical plant food, artificial manure.

b) Science or practice of farming

c) Give or provide

d) Racial group, esp. one united by language and customs, living as a community under one or more chiefs.

e) Instrument held in the hand (s) and used by workmen

f) Farm animals kept for use or profit

g) (person, animal) taken prisoner, kept as a prisoner

IV. Word- building (adj.)

- able comfortable

- ible terrible

- al central

- ful useful

- less useless

- y cloudy

V. Read and translate the text A:

Agriculture

Agriculture is the world's most important industry. It provides us with almost all our food. It also supplies materials for two other basic human needs- clothing and shelter. In addition, agriculture provides materials used in making many industrial products, such as paints and medicines. About half of the world's workers are employed in agriculture- far more than in any other industry. Agriculture is one of the world's oldest industries. It began to develop about 11.000 years ago in the Middle East At that time, certain Middle Eastern tribes discovered how to grow plants from seeds and how to raise animals in captivity. By about 10 000 years ago, they had mastered these skills and had begun to depend chiefly on farming for food.

Before the development of agriculture, people got all their food by gathering wild plants, hunting and fishing. They had to search for food continually, which left them little time for other activities. But as agriculture developed and farm out put increased, fewer people were needed to produce food. The non-farmers could then develop the arts, crafts, trades, and other activities of civilized life. Agriculture therefore greatly affected the food supply and made civilization possible. For many centuries, improvements in agriculture came slowly. Farming depended heavily on human and animal labor, and farmers had few tools to make their land and labor more productive. Then in the late 1600's inventors began to develop machinery for planting, cultivating and harvesting crops. During the 1900's scientists have developed better and better varieties of plants and livestock and highly effective fertilizers and pesticides. All these improvements have greatly reduced the need for farm labor and have enormously increased farm output.

VI Arrange the following words in pairs of

a) synonyms, b) antonyms:

a) important, supply, trite, labor, provide, main, racial, group, work

b) old, wild, many, lately, young, effective, domestic, few, non-effective, early

VII Answer the following questions:

1) What is agriculture?

2) With what does it produce?

3) Is agriculture the oldest industry?

4) When did it begin?

5) Who discovered how to grow plants from seeds?

6) When did inventors begin to develop machinery for planting, cultivating and harvesting crops?

7) What did farming depend on heavily?

VIII. Read and translate the text B:

"Kinds of agriculture"

Farmers practice many kinds of agriculture. Each kind can be classed in a number of ways. Climate is a common basis for classification. For example, the kinds of farming practiced in the tropics can be classed as tropical agriculture. Many of the kinds of farming practiced in cooler regions can be classed as middle- latitude agriculture. Most kinds of agriculture can also be classed according to the amount or value of the goods produced per unit of land. Classified in this way, agriculture is intensive or extensive.

Intensive agriculture is practiced chiefly where farmland is scarce. It requires large amounts of fertilizer, labor or other resources. Each unit of land is this made as productive as possible. The small truck farms (vegetable farms) on the outskirts of many big cities are examples of intensive agriculture a truck farm may cover only 1acre (0.4 hectare). But it may produce thousands of dollars' worth of vegetables yearly.

Farmers practice extensive agriculture where land is plentiful, rainfall is light, and the soil is not especially fertile. Extensive agriculture requires relatively little investment in equipment and supplies per unit of land, and each unit yields a relatively low return. The vast sheep ranches of Australia and the Western United states are examples of extensive agriculture. A ranch may cover 40, 000 acres (16. 000 hectares) or more and raise thousands of sheep. But each animal needs about 4 acres (1.6 hectares) of land for grazing. The return per unit of land is therefore only a few dollars' worth of wool or meat yearly. The many kinds of agriculture can also be classified as either commercial or subsistence. Commercial farms produce crops and animals chiefly for sale. Subsistence farmers produce goods mainly for themselves.

The great majority of farms in the United states, Canada and other industrial countries are commercial farms. They can be divided into two main groups: (1) specialized farms and (2) mixed farms.

Specialized farms learn all or most of their income from the sale of one kind of crop or livestock. Many of these farms use mass- production methods and require large investment in equipment and supplies.

Mixed farms, a diversified farms, raise a variety of crops and livestock. Such farms produce crops to sell and to feed their livestock. Most farms in Europe and many in the Midwestern United States are mixed farms.

.

IX Ask questions about the text.

Get your fellow student answer them.

X. Make up the plan of the text and retell it.

XI Read and translate the text C.

"Farms in Britain".

Geographically Great Britain consists of Highland Britain and Lowland Britain. Highland Britain is in the north and in the west.

The agricultural area of England is toward the English Channel and the Continent of Europe. The soil in many parts of Highland Britain is thin and poor.

Lowland Britain is a area with fertile soil.

Rivers in Britain are narrow, but the Thames. Most of the farms are less than 50 acres each. The types of farms are different in different soil and climatic areas. In the eastern part of Britain most farms are arable. The farmers grow different crops here. In the western part of the country most farms are dairy. Small farms in Britain are usually mixed farms on which farmers both grow crops and keep farm animals.

As we have mentioned most of Britain is the farming land divided into many fields.

Today the main tendency in agricultural development of this country is that small traditional farms are gradually disappearing because they cannot complete with modern big industrial farms.

Britain has a mild climate. The westerly winds from the Atlantic carry the warmth and moisture of lower latitudes into Britain. The weather changes with the wind. Winds from different parts of the world ranging from polar to tropical regions often visit Britain.

Britain has a mild climate. The temperature seldom exceeds 32 C or falls below zero. The driest period is from March to June and the wettest months are from October to January.

This farmers work fields all the year round.

The main agricultural products of Britain are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, milk and different kinds of meat.

A comparatively high level of agriculture enables Britain to provide about half of the food from its soil.

Britain usually imports meat, butter, wheat, tea, fruit, tobacco etc. There are a few millions of acres of woodland in Great Britain. The estimated private forests make up about a half of the forest area. The size of private woodlands ranges from a few acres to many thousands.

XII Be ready to speak on one of the topics:

1) Agriculture in Kazakhstan

2) Agriculture in America

3) Agriculture in Great Britain

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1

Write the sentences with the clauses underlined first, when it is possible.

1. I'll come round to your place after I've finished work.

2. Let's have a weekend in the country when the weather gets better.

3. You ought to see Paula before you go back to Canada.

4. I enjoyed the lecture, although I didn't understand everything.

5. Your train leaves in half an hour, so you'd better hurry.

6. We won't know what's happening until Sean phones.

7. I'm going to buy, some, new jeans, as we're going out tonight.

8. Somebody broke into the house while they were asleep

9. He hasn't looked at another woman since he met Julie.

10. I'm quite sure that she's telling the truth

11. I'd like to know whether my photos are ready.

12. He didn't understand the policeman because he was deaf.

Exercise 2.

Put the beginnings and ends together.

Beginnings	Ends
Although he was very bad tempered Always brush your teeth Always wash your hands As Liz told you, Because I knew her family, Talk to me like that again Don't do that again He had a terrible temper, Ann explained to you I was sorry for her, If you do that again, There'll be trouble	after you have a meal. and I'll hit you. before you have a meal. but everybody liked him. he had lots of friends. I did what I could for her. her mother left for Berlin last Friday. or I’ll hit you. so I tried to help her. that her mother went back home last week. unless you stop that. you’ll be sorry.

Exercise 3.

Underline or write down the verb for the thing that happened first.

1.He did military service before he went to university.

2.I phoned Sarah after I spoke to Erlan.

3.Before the rain stopped, he went out shopping.

4. After she gave up her job at the bank, she left her husband.

5. I felt really depressed before you turned up.

6. Things were quite different after Gaukhar left.

Exercise 4.

Put in the right conjunction, with that if the sentence is formal, and without that if it is informal.

1. He may use the firm’s car _____ he pays for all petrol used.

2. I left the bedroom door open _____ I’d hear the phone.

3. ____ she’s sixteen she thinks she can do what she likes.

4. It was ____ a serious operation ___ she was not expected to live.

5. Closed – circuit television was installed ____ everybody would be able to watch the performance.

6. You can go out ____ you’re back in time to give me a hand with the cooking.

7. ___ the new managers have taken over we expect the company to become profitable in the very near future.

Exercise 5

In which three sentences do you feel, the relative pronoun can be left out?

1. The job that he got wasn't very interesting.

2. A woman who (m) my sister knows has just bought the house next door.

3. The doctor who treated me didn't know what he was doing.

4. I'm sorry for people who haven't got a sense of humour.

5. Have you got anything that will clean this carpet?

6. Have you got a typewriter that I can use?

Exercise 6

Make each pair of sentences into one sentence without using who (m) which/ that.

1. You asked me to get you a paper. Here's the paper. (Here's...).

2. You recommended a film. We went to see the film, but we didn't think much of it. (We went...).

3. My sister bought a new car last mouth. The car has broken down four times already. (The car...).

4. You didn't recognize an actor on television last night.

5. Jane had some friends at school. Only a very few of the friends went on to university. (Only…)

6. My father had an operation for his heart problem. The operation was only a partial success. (The operation …)

7. Mark wrote an essay while we were on holiday. The essay has won a prize in the school competition. (The essay…)

8. My daughter brings friends home. Some of the friends look as though never wash. (Some of …)

Exercise 7.

Fill in prepositions or adverbs if necessary.

1. First – year students work hard to master … the language. 2. What marks did you get … literature and biology … the entrance exams? 3. “Try to get rid … this gross mistake”, said the teacher. 4. When did you make a report … this book? 5. Our nephew is very good … maths. 6. Why don’t you take part … our discussion? 7. We decided to join … the English choir.8. Where have you been? We haven’t seen you … ages. 9. When the teacher entered… the classroom the students kept silent. 10. The girl has invited her friends … her birthday party.

Exercise 8.

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