Read and translate the sentences. Use the substitutions where necessary (one, ones, that, those, do, does).

1. This English book is too easy for me. Please give me a more difficult book. 2. My sister knows German much better than I know it.3. I don’t like these pictures. They’re too dark. I saw better pictures in a shop in our street. Let’s go and have a good look at them. 4. I think this show will be more interesting than the last show. 5. His work is more important than your work. 6. The examiner spoke faster than our teacher usually speaks. 7. We reached the wood earlier than our friends reached it. 8. I don’t like this suit. Please show me another suit. 9. This book is less interesting than the book you gave me yesterday.

Exercise 9.

Read and translate the text. Make grammar analysis of the verbs used here.

What is the worst thing which ever happened to you? The worst thing which ever happened to me was this. When I was a little girl, we had an old icebox which we kept in back of the house. It belonged to the people who had lived there before us. It was small and it had a door which was closed tight. There was a shelf which had held large pieces of ice. The shelf was always empty, for nobody used the icebox any more. The shelf made a little seat which was very comfortable. I liked to sit there. It was a habit which almost cost me my life. One day I was sitting in the icebox, and my brother closed the door. There was nobody who could let me out. Soon the air which was in the icebox was almost gone. I screamed and made noise until my mother opened the door. It was an experience which I will never forget. Now I have a great fear of closed places, and I always will.

Lesson 6

Grammar: 1. Infinitive § 7 2. Infinitive Constructions § 7 3. Text: Food

I Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

provide, fiber, feed, forage, crop, alfalfa, clover, grass, fish, game, cattle, hog, sheep, major, divide, cereal, grain, nourishment, barley, corn, millet, oat, rice, rye, wheat, root, crop, potatoes, pulses, beans, peas, flour, meal, oil, chickens, goats, meat, eggs, milk, honey, mill, demand, fur.

I. Find definitions to the following words:

fiber, forage, game, cattle, cereal, grain, nourish, root, pulses, flour, meal, food.

1. Any kind of grain used for food

2 Keep (a person) alive and well with food.

3 Fine powder, made from grain, used for making bread, cakes.

4 Bulls, cows.

5 Small, hard seed of food plants such as wheat and rice.

6 Food for horses and cattle

7 That part of a plant, tree, etc. which is normally in the soil and which takes water and food from it.

8 Kind of plants which consist mainly of dry beans and peas.

9 One of the very thin threads of which many animal and vegetable growths are formed, e.g. cotton, wool, nerves, muscles.

10 Food that is eaten: grain coarsely ground (oat meal) it is collective term for breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner, supper.

11 (Flesh of) animals and birds hunted for sport and food.

12 A general term for anything that people eat.

II. From the list below please pick up words which have the same meaning and which are the opposites:

a) Synonyms: food, provide, animals, grain, demand, livestock, supply, cereals, important, request, major.

b) Opposites: possible, divide, solid, eat, liquid, go hungry, impossible, combine.

III. Word – building

- en short – shorten

- ize sympathy -sympathize

Build verbs with the help of the suffixes – en, -ize and translate them:

Soft, weak, local, collective, national.

IV. Read and translate the text

"Food"

Food is the most important product. But farms also provide many other products, from natural fibers to flowers and trees. Some crops are used only to feed livestock. These forage crops include alfalfa, clover and many grasses. Forage crops are important because they make commercial livestock production possible.

Food products. Farmers produce almost all the world's food, including some fish and game (flesh of animals and birds hunted for sport and food). Most food products come from crops. The rest come from animals, especially cattle, hogs and other livestock.

From crops. The world's farmers grow about 85 major food crops. They can be divided into 8 groups. The main group is cereal grains. Grain is grown on half the world's cropland and supplies much of the nourishment in the human diet. The chief grains are barley, corn, oats, rice, rye and wheat.

Various root crops make up the second most important group of food crops. Like cereal grains, root crops are grown throughout the world and are a basic food for many people. The leading root crops are potatoes. The 6 remaining groups of major food crops are:

(1) pulses, which consist mainly of dry beans and dry peas;

(2) fruits and vegetables;

(3) oil- bearing crops, such as soybeans and coconuts;

(4) sugar – bearing crops, especially sugar cane and sugar beets,

(5) nuts; and

(6) cocoa beans, coffee and tea.

Some oil crops, especially soybeans are used to make flour and meal as well as oil.

From animals. Cattle, chickens, goats, hogs, sheep and other livestock are the main animals raised for food. Livestock are raised in every country and supply nearly all the world's meat, eggs and milk. Farmers also raise a few other kinds of animals for food. For example, many farmers keep bees for honey.

Natural fibers come from a variety of plants and animals raised on farms. Mills and factories use the fibers to make fabrics and other textile products. Cotton, flax, are the chief plant fabrics. Wool, the principal animal fiber comes mainly from sheep but also from such animals as goats and members of the camel family silk fibers are obtained from the cocoons of silkworms. Farms in Japan and China raise most of the world's silkworms. The development of nylon and other manufactured fibers during the 1900's has reduced the demand for natural fibers in some countries.

V. Answer the following questions:

1) What do farms provide?

2) What do forage crops include?

3) From what do products come?

4) Into how many groups can food crops be divided?

5) What animals are raised for food?

6) What can you say about natural fibers?

7) What are the chief plant fibers?

VI. Name four or five kinds of:

1. cereal grains;

2. fruits;

3. vegetables;

4. livestock;

5. fibers;

6. meat.

VIII. Give Kazakh equivalents to the following proverbs. Learn them by heart and use them in your own situations or dialogues

1. tastes differ.

2. As like as two peas.

3. As hungry as a wolf (hunter)

4. His eyes are bigger than his stomach.

5. Too many cooks spoil the broth

6. Hunger is the best sauce

7. Hope is a good breakfast, but a bad dinner.

8. After dinner sleep a while, after supper walk a mile.

IX. Using active vocabulary of the lesson answer the following questions:

1. What kind of food do you know?

2. What meals do you know?

3. What kinds of fruit do you know?

4. Where do you have your meals on week – days and on Sundays?

5. Can you recommend a good restaurant? Why is it good?

6. What is the most important thing in a restaurant – the food, the service, or the atmosphere?

7. What's the difference between a cafeteria and a restaurant?

8. What do you think of American (English) food?

9. What does your dinner usually consist of?

10. What kind of fish do you know?

11. What are your favourite meat dishes?

X. Make up your own situations or dialogues with the keep of following phrases:

1. to boil meat (potatoes, cabbage, eggs, water, milk etc)

2. to roast meat (mutton, pork, beef) fowl (chicken, duck, goose, turkey) potatoes

3. to have (take) smth. for dinner (for the first, second course or dessert)

4. to fry fish (bacon, eggs, potatoes, etc.)

5. to taste good (bad, delicious, etc.)

6. to help oneself to something.

7. to pass something to somebody.

XI. Make up a menu for:

1. a breakfast for a child;

2. an ordinary dinner;

3. your favourite supper;

4. a New Year (or birthday) party;

5. a person who keeps to a diet

XII. Speak on one of the topics

1) a dinner you were given and liked (disliked)

2) Your favourite dishes

3) What national dishes you may recommend to a foreigner

4) Students' meals: a) at home b) at the hostel

5) English (Kazakh, American) meals and dishes

6) What food do you usually buy and who cooks your meals.

7) Fruit and vegetables are an indispensable part of a diet.

XIII. Read and translate text B:

The Hot Dog

In its home country of Germany, the hot dog was called the frankfurter. It was named after Frankfurt, a German city.

Frankfurters were first sold in the United States in the 1860s. Americans called frankfurters "dachshund sausages". A dachshund is a dog from Germany with a very long body and short legs. "Dachshund sausage" seemed like a good name for the frankfurter.

Dachshund sausages first became popular in New York, especially at baseball games. At games they were sold by men who kept them warm in hotwater tanks. As the man walked up and down the rows of people, they yelled, "Get your dachshund sausages! Get your hot dachshund sausages! People got the sausages on buns, special bread.

One day in 1906 a newspaper cartoonist named Tag Dorgan went to a baseball game. When he saw the men with the dachshund sausages, he dot an idea for a cartoon. The next day at the newspaper office he drew a bun with a dachshund inside – not a dachshund sausage, but a dachshund. Dorgan didn't know how to spell dachshund. Under the cartoon, he wrote "Get your hot dogs!"

The cartoon was a sensation, and so was the new name. If you go to a baseball game today, you can still see sellers walking around with hot – water tanks. As they walk up and down the rows they yell, "Get your hot dogs here! Get your hot dogs!"

I. Complete the sentences:

1. The special bread used for a hot dog is a _________.

a. sausage b. bun c. dachshund

2. Another word for TO SHOUT is to _________.

a. name b. draw c. yell

3. A line of objects or people is a __________.

a. row b. game c. cartoon

4. Large containers for water or other liquids, sometimes made of metal, are called _________.

a. tanks b. sellers c. cartoonists

5. A funny drawing is a __________.

a. cartoonist b. frankfurter c. cartoon

II. Find out the information from the text

1. Frankfurters were first sold in the United states in the 1960s.

2. A duchshund is a dog with a long body and short legs.

3. At baseball games today you cannot sellers walking around with hot – water tanks.

4. Tag Dorgan got an idea for a cartoon in his office.

5. Tag Dorgan drew a bun with a sausage inside.

6. The words under Tag Dorgan's cartoon were "Get your hot dogs!"

XIV. Read and translate text C:

"Freeze – dried foods"

dehydration Dehydration, as used here, means to take water out.

rehydration Rehydration, as used here, means putting water back.

vacuum A space from which air or other gases has been almost completely removed. The vacuum chamber mentioned in this passage has air pumped out of it until the pressure of the air within is well below the normal pressure of the air in the atmosphere.

porous Something that is porous is full of tiny holes through which liquid, light, or air may pass.

If "the way to a man's heart is through his stomach", the way to the moon is through freeze – dried foods. Because of weightlessness in space, astronauts can only eat food that is packaged in plastic containers so that it can be sucked out through a straw. These foods are prepared in the same way as freeze – dried coffee.

Freeze – dehydration, or freeze – drying, is a process in which moisture is removed from a quick – frozen food. The food does not change very much in shape, color, or taste. Later, the food can be rehydrated quickly by adding water to it. This rehydrated food tastes much like the fresh product.

To make it easier to dehydrate foods, they are sliced, diced, granulated, powdered, or liquefied. After the food has cooked it is quick- frozen. The frozen food is then placed on drying trays that are put in a special vacuum chamber or oven. The pressure in the chamber is then reduced.

Heat is applied gradually through heating plates or coils, raising the temperature of the trays to 200 – 300° F. Temperatures are then slowly reduced so that the temperature of the dried product does not exceed

140°F. Under these conditions the ice crystals in the frozen product change directly from a solid to a gas. The vapor, or gas, is taken out of the vacuum chamber through a tube.

The freeze – dried food has a porous texture and is very lightweight. It has only 2 or 3 percent of its original water content. In practically all cases, only water is removed by the freeze – drying process. The important oils and flavors remain.

1. The title that best describes the main idea of this passage is:

(1) Food for Astronauts

(2) From a Soil to a Gas

(3) Vacuum Chambers

The fact that the important oils and flavors remain after freeze- drying is evidence that

(1) freeze – drying improves the taste of food.

(2) freeze – drying doesn't change the taste of the food.

(3) freeze – drying can produce new foods.

(4) freeze – drying changes the water in the food into oil.

3. The freeze – dried food would not be as lightweight if

(1) it had much more than 2 or 3 percent of its original water content.

(2) the oils and flavors were removed.

(3) the gas was not withdrawn from the vacuum chamber through a tube.

(4) the food was not cooked first.

4. The process of freeze – dehydration does all of the following except

(1) change the oil content of food

(2) freeze food

(3) remove most of the liquid from food.

(4) change the weight of food.

5. What does "reduced" mean in this passage?

(1) reversed

(2) lessened

(3) strengthened

(4) increased

Grammar exercises

Forms of Infinitive

Tenses	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Indefinite Simple	To do	To be done
Continuous	To be doing	---
Perfect	To have done	To have been done

Exercise 1

Study the functions of the Infinitives, State their forms. Translate the sentences into the Kazakh language.

1. It was a horrible thing to have a spy in one's house.

2. It is hard to see inside the head of the brave.

3. She was really pleased to see you.

4. He had instructions to take us the dining – room when we were ready.

5. There was nothing to be done.

6. She was the first to break the silence.

7. I thought you did that to encourage me, to give me confidence.

8. The birds sat on the trees and sang so sweetly that the children used to stop their games in order to listen them.

9. You are too wise to understand that

10. He went out into the street to find himself alone.

Exercise 2

Read and translate the sentences.State the functions of the Infinitives.

1. To know foreign languages is very important for specialists in agriculture.

2. To know foreign languages well we must work much.

3. The work to be done is difficult.

4. I can show you books to be taken from the library.

5. Our aim is to raise the intensification of production

6. In order to improve soil fertility fertilizers are to be rationally used

7. The construction of the new irrigation canal is to be finished by the end of July.

8. The builders work hard in order to finish the construction of the new irrigation canal by the end of July.

Exercise 3.

Define the forms of the following infinitives. Use them in your own sentences.

to desert, to have been repaired, to be staying, to be improved, to have been watching, to be followed, to have been shown, to be changing, to have been listening, to be despised.

Exercise 4.

Point out the Objective – with the – Infinitive Construction.

1. You must let me have time to consider your proposal.

2. From the age of five he had come to the studio to watch his own father work.

3. He declared himself to be a member of the club.

4. At last they got him to write a letter to his brother.

5. One might think Mr. George to have been a trooper once upon a time.

6. She knew she must never let him feel that she was a burden of a responsibility.

7. I heard the professor mention these facts in this lecture.

8. We can’t have them waste their time in this way.

9. I am always thinking about myself and I expect everybody else to do the same

10. Her articulation was so distinct that she could make you hear her every word in the last row of the gallery.

11. She wanted him to look back on this as one of the greatest moments of his life.

Exercise 5

Reword the sentences according to the example.

Example: The boy was playing football in the yard (see)

We saw the boy play football in the yard.

1. They came back at once (make)

2. You must do it yourself (want).

3. The boy said something in a low voice (hear).

4. She is waiting for Mary (believe).

5. He is a very talented actor (know).

6. My son is going to become an agronomist (want).

7. The girl was singing a very lovely song (hear).

8. The man quickly crossed the street and turned round the corner (see)

9. You should help your friend (ask).

10. They often come late (hate).

Exercise 6

Point out the Subjective Infinitive Construction. Translate the sentences.

1. He was thought to be honest and kindly.

2. “I just happened to be in this part of the world”, explained Mrs. Oliver.

3. She is certain to return soon. 4. Celia looked at her for a moment. She seemed to be trying to come to a decision. 5. He was supposed to attend the lecture this morning. 6. The gods had given Irene dark brown eyes and golden hair which is said to be the mark of a weak character. 7. The rocket is reported to have started its flight at 6.30. 8. The dog was heard to bark in the yard. 9. My father seemed to have cast off a good many years. 10. The Prince of Wales seemed to live a very merry life but that was not the same thing. 11. He might be said to be our founder.

Exercise 7.

Reword the sentences according to the example, using the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

Example: They say the ship has already arrived.

The ship is said to have already arrived.

1. They say this church was built in the 7^th century. 2. You know that the Hermitage was designed by Rastrelli. 3. Her fellow – workers think she is good at management. 4. I suppose they are quietly watching TV now. 5. We saw that the light was on the whole night. 6. The chief reported that the army had started an offensive. 7. I believe that he has already reached the top of the mountain. 8. They say a new space flight will be made next year. 9. Many people saw how the ship was slowly sinking.

Exercise 8.

Point out the “ For- to – Infinitive Construction “. State its function, translate the sentences.

1. It was natural for a daughter to wish her mother to have been innocent.2. “There are four letters here for you to sign” said Miss Livingstone. 3. In his opinion it would be advisable for her to have mental treatment. 4. The room is not fit for you to see it. 5. He told me to get more water for Mummy to cook with. 6. Celia was sent out to me and I was asked to find a good place for her to continue her education. 7. They talked so much together that it was inevitable for her at last to learn his views on marriage. 8. It is a very dangerous thing for a man to know his friends.

Exercise 9.

Read and translate the text. Point out the Infinitives and Infinitive Constructions.

To understand art one should visit picture galleries. Bill was quite sure of that. And one day he suggested his friend Dick a visit to the National Gallery in London. But Dick didn’t feel like going there. His hobby was dogs and he said that he was unlikely to enjoy his visit. He thought that he was two ignorant to appreciate art. To persuade Dick was quite a job and Bill did all in his power to succeed in it. Bill’s main idea was to show how much he knew about painting. And hardly had they come to the gallery, when he started talking about art. He could tell at a glance a Rubens: from a Van Dike, and a Manet, Picasso. Dick couldn’t help being surprised at Bill’s knowledge. Bill was talking and talking and there was no stopping him. Suddenly he stopped in front of something standing in the corner pointed at it and said: “This is a Picasso produced in 1943, there’s much to be seen and more to be imagined.” “You’re very much mistaken”, said Dick all of sudden. “This isn’t a Picasso, it’s mirror”.

Lesson 7

Grammar: Gerund § 8 Text: Livestock  

I Read and translate the following words and word – combinations:

skin, leather, wool, drugs, equipment, ranches, yards, animal husbandry, domesticate, settle, tissue, by – products, goods, manufactures, feather, nutrients, ruminants, shelter, harm, stomach, shortages, consumption.

II. Match the words with their definitions below:

skin, leather, wool, drugs, ranches, animal husbandry, tissue, by – products, ruminants:

1. Substance used for medical purposes, either alone or in a mixture.

2. Substance obtained during the manufacture of some other substance.

3. Large farm, especially one with extensive lands for cattle, but also for fruit, chickens etc.

4. Material from animal skins, used for making shoes, bags, etc..

5. Farming.

6. (Animal) which chews the cud, e.g. cows, deer.

7. Animals skin with or without the hair or fur.

8. Mass of cells and cell products in an animal body.

9.Soft hair of sheep, goats and some other animals.

III. From the list below – pick up words which have the same meaning and which are the opposites:

a) Synonyms: goods, skin, fleece, ruminants, stomach, leather wares, wool, chewing

animals, abdomen.

b) Opposites: domesticate, harm, build, wild, destroy, kind, increase, valuable, decrease, invaluable.

IV. Read and translate the text A:

Livestock.

Livestock are domestic animals that are used to produce food and many other valuable products. The skins of some livestock provide such important materials as leather and wool. Various organs of livestock supply drugs used by countless people.

Farmers in developing nations use livestock to pull farm equipment. Some livestock in these countries also transport people and materials. Most livestock are raised on farms and ranches, but some people raise rabbits, chickens, or other small livestock in their yards.

The chief kinds of livestock raised throughout the world are cattle, hogs, poultry, sheep and horses. Other kinds of livestock include donkeys, goats, mules and rabbits. In some countries farmers raise such livestock as llamas, reindeer, water buffalo and yaks. The science of raising, breeding and caring for livestock is called animal husbandry.

At one time, people wandered from place to place hunting animals and gathering plants for food. Several thousand years ago, people began to domesticate and raise various kinds of livestock. The use of domesticated animals as a source of food and power made it possible for people to settle in one place. Then they were able to begin farming.

Uses of livestock

In most parts of the world, livestock provide such food products as meat, butter, cheese, eggs and milk. These foods contain large amounts of protein, which builds new tissue and maintains and repairs old tissue in the human body. Animal food products also supply minerals and vitamins that people need for good health. Livestock also provide such valuable by – products as fur, hair, leather and wool. These materials are used to produce blankets, brushes, clothing, shoes and other goods.

Manufacturers use the hoofs and horns of livestock to make such articles as buttons, combs, glue and knives. Other livestock by – products are used in the preparation of livestock feed.

Some of the glands and organs of certain livestock are used to make such drugs as epinephrine, insulin and pepsin.

V. Answer the following questions:

1. What do we call livestock?

2. What do the skins of some livestock provide?

3. Name chief kinds of livestock?

4. What science do we call animal husbandry?

5. What is the reason of settling people in one place?

6. What food products does livestock provide?

7. What by – products does livestock provide?

VI. Name the chief kinds of livestock and food products. Make webbing.

VII. Explain the meaning of some phrases:

1. Busy as a bee.

2. Blind as a bat.

3. Hungry as a bear

4. Sick as a dog

5. Innocent as a lamb

6. Quiet as a mouse

7. Strong as an ox.

VIII. Match each word or phrase in the first column with the word or phrase in the second column that produces a proverb or idiom

1. A barking dog a. the dogs

2. Never look a gift horse b. out of the bag

3. Curiosity killed c. but you can’t make him drink

4. Dog eat d. lie

5. You can’t teach an old dog e. never bites

6. Let sleeping dogs f. new tricks

7. When the cat’s away g. jf a different color

8. Let the cat h. horses

9. There’s more than one way i. hog

10. It’s raining j. dog

11. You may lead a horse to water k. to skin a cat

12. Go to l. in the mouth

13. Go whole m. the mice will play

14. Hold your n. cats and dogs

15. That’s a horse o. the cat

IX. Match each word in the first column with its correct definition in the second column.

1. hog a. to reveal secret information

2. buffalo b. full of spite, malicious

3. bear c. timid, fearful

4. mousy d. nonsense

5. catty e. to confuse or baffle

6. rat f. to take selfishly

7. bull g. something difficult

X. a) Did you know:

Cows eat about 90 pounds of nutritious food a day.

90 pounds of food equals:

--- 480 hamburgers or

--- 206 baked potatoes or

--- 1440 slices of bread

Cows drink 25 – 50 gallons of water each day. That’s nearly a bathtub full!

b) Did you know:

What a cow eats affects how much milk she makes.

A cow that eats only grass can make about 50 glasses of milk a day.

A cow that eats grass, corn, hay, and mixed feed can make about 100 glasses of milk a day.

Modern milking machines can milk about 100 cows an hour.

c). Did you know:

Milk is one of the safest foods you can eat. In the dairy plant it is never touched by human hands. So it stays very pure and fresh – tasting.

In 1884, dairy plants started using glass bottles to store milk.

Before that time they used jars, pails, and cans.

In 1906, the first paper milk carton was used.

In 1964, plastic milk jugs were introduced.

d). Did you know:

Long ago, when people traveled and wanted milk, they had to take cows with them.

When Pilgrims came to America, they brought cows with them.

Nowadays, milk delivered to stores, schools, and even to homes.

The milk delivered today was in a cow 2 days ago.

XI. Speak on one of the topics:

1. Domestic animals

2. Wild animals

3. Feed

4. Shelter.

XII. Read and translate text B:

Care of Livestock

Feed. A domestic animals’ daily food is called a ration. A balanced ration contains the nutrients that the animal holds for growth and good health. These nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein and vitamins. Animals suffering from nutritional deficiencies produce less meat, milk and eggs. They are also more likely to become unhealthy. Some livestock producers and animal feed companies use computers to determine the kind and proportion of ingredients used in livestock rations.

Swine and poultry feed consists of various grains, by- products from food – processing, minerals, vitamins and concentrated plant and animal proteins. Cattle, sheep and other ruminants (animals with more than one stomach compartment) eat the grasses of pastureland. They are also fed grain, hay, the stalks of certain plants and other crop remains.

Many farmers raise cattle in fenced – in areas called feed lots. These animals receive special feed that increases their growth rate. The use of feed lots decreases the amount of land needed for grazing. It also concentrates the amount of animal wastes available for use as fertilizer. Farmers move these wastes from the feed lots to the fields to fertilize the crops.

Shelter.Livestock require some protection from severe weather so they can maintain satisfactory growth and reproduction. At one time, these animals could live easily without shelter. Through the years, however, farmers have developed breeding methods designed to increase meat production. These methods produce less hardly types of livestock. Today, many livestock cannot withstand extreme cold or heat. Exposure to snow and wind can also harm the animals.

Livestock owners provide the most economical type of shelter that can best maintain the animals’ levels of food production. Some livestock need only a windbreak or shade tree for shelter. Others are sheltered in climate – controlled buildings where the humidity, light, sound level, temperature and ventilation are precisely regulated.

XIII. Write out from text B all terms concerning to animal topic.

XIV. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1). Many thousand years have passed since man began domesticating animals.

2). At present the most important of the three purposes the animals are used for is their being a source of food.

3) The only purpose for which dogs are known to be used now is to assist people in their various activities.

4) From the history of animal domestication it is known that the first domesticated animals were used as draft power.

5) We can say that now in the world there are neither wild cattle nor wild horses.

6) At present the process of domesticating some fur – bearing animals has started and in future they may become domesticated.

7) As the origin of domestication is unknown we cannot say what kind of animal was domesticated first.

XV. Using the words in brackets ask questions:

1). The last representative of the wild cattle died at the beginning of the 17^th century (when).

2). Domesticated cattle belong to the family Bovidae (what family).

3). Breeding domestic animals is done under human management and control (how).

4). The horse was perhaps domesticated in central Asia (where).

5). Animals have been domesticated for three main purposes (how many).

6). Cattle are used now mostly for food (what for).

7). Great experience has been gained in improving farm animals (what experience)

Grammar exercises

Forms of Gerund

Tenses	Active	Passive
Indefinite (Simple)	Reading	being read
Perfect	having read	having been read

Exercise 1.

Complete the sentences using the gerund of the verb in brackets. Mind the active form.

1. Your hair is very long. It needs (cut). 2. The house looks shabby. It wants (repair). 3. His answer was very good. The boy deserves (praise). 4. The room is so dirty. It needs (scrub). 5. Our educational system is out- of – date. It needs (reform). 6. The fence looks so dull. It requires (paint). 7. They say the film is very boring. It’s not worth (see). 8. His behavior was outrageous. He deserves (punish). 9. The dress is old- fashioned. It’s not worth (buy). 10. There is a hole in this tooth. It needs (fill). 11. That was a brave action. It certainly deserves (reward). 12. Her suggestion is very interesting. It requires (discuss) at the meeting.

Exercise 2

Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.

1. There is no use … trying to stop that. 2. I’m sorry if I hurt your vanity … saying so. 3. She only succeeded … opening a restaurant. 4. Lanny passed dancing people … seeing them. 5. They love … being dominated. 6. He wouldn’t drop his subject till he had brought you round to his way … thinking. 7. We reached the river … crossing the meadow. 8. … crossing the river at that time of the year was out of the question. 9. You must forgive me … calling at such an hour. 10. But I was afraid … intruding upon a sorrow I could not lighten. 11. She has been used … having her own way. 12. I was thinking … bringing her to talk to you.

Exercise 3.

Complete the sentences using a preposition from the box and the gerund of the verbs in brackets. Use some prepositions more than once.

For, at, about, in, to, of, after

1. What shall we do in the evening? How … (go) to the cinema? 2. Are you interested … (learn) to play the piano? 3. I am not used … (eat) much spicy food. 4. Did she apologizes … (be) late? 5. She is very good … (paint) and (draw).6. He is tired … (hear) her complain. 7. She thanked me … (give) her a lift in my car. 8. …(have) breakfast I did the washing up. 9. He is still fond … (play) tennis and golf.10. I suspect him … (destroy) these papers.

Exercise 4.

Answer the following questions according to the example.

Example: What did they speak of? (buy a house on the Thames)

They spoke about buying a house on the Thames.

1. What did she accuse her maid of? (steal a golden ring). 2. What are you thinking of? (move to a new flat) 3. Are there any things he approves of? (play tennis and chess). 4. What do you suspect him of (tell lies all the time). 5. What did she succeed in? (find a good husband). 6. What did she complain of? (be cheated in the shop). 7. What are you looking forward to? (see the New Year in). 8. What does he insist on? (start at once).9. What will she agree to? (spend holidays in the country). 10. What is your brother fond of? (collect stamps).

Exercise 5.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-26