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1. vegetable
2. meat
3. fruit
VII. Find English proverbs concerning weather, provide them with Kazakh equivalents ask your fellow students to illustrate them.
VIII. Make up the plan of the text and retell it.
Grammar exercises.
X. Read and translate text B:
Yellowstone National Park.
A national park is large piece of land. In the park animals are free to come and go. Tress and plants grow everywhere. People go to a national park to enjoy nature. Many people stay in campgrounds in national parks. They sleep in tents and cook their food over campfires. They also walk on trails or paths in the parks. On a gate at the entrance of Yellowstone, a sign says, "For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People".
Yellowstone is the world's oldest national park. It became a national park in 1872. It is also the world's largest park. It covers parts of the states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Yellowstone is two- and – half times the size of the smallest state, Rhode Island.
Yellowstone is famous for its geysers. These holes in the ground shoot hot water into the air. There are about seventy geysers in the park. The most famous is Old Faithful. About every hour Old Faithful shoots hot water hundreds of feet into the air:
Two- and – a half million people visit this beautiful park each year. Park rangers give information to visitors. Park rangers give information to visitors. They also take care of the park. They tell them not to feed or hunt the animals.
XI. Insert appropriate words:
1. People go to a national park to enjoy ________.
a. people b. nature c. animals
2. There is a sign on a ________.
a. visitor b. gate c. house
3. The sign says, "For the _______ and Enjoyment of the People".
a. Benefit b. Information c. Security
4. Yellowstone is famous for its _________.
a. visitors b. geysers c. bears
5. Park rangers ______ of the park..
A feed b. take care c. are afraid
6. Visitors cannot _________ the animals.
a. hunt b. pick c. catch
XII. Find the right answers to the questions
a. Yellowstone is the world's oldest park.
b. Yellowstone is two-and-a-half times the size of the smallest state, Rhode Island.
c. Yellowstone is famous for its natural beauty.
XIII. Complete the sentences:
1. Yellowstone covers parts of __________.
a. Wyoming and Montana
b. Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho
c. Rhode Island
2. Yellowstone is two-and-a-half times the size of ________.
a. Montana b. seventy geysers c. about seventy geysers
3. Yellowstone has ___________.
a. twenty geysers b. seventy geysers c. about seventy geysers
4. Geysers shoot hot water into the _________.
a. ground b. air c. tree
5. The most famous geyser is ________.
a. Old Faithful b. Old Hundred c. Old Chap
6. Park rangers give ____ to visitors.
Exercise 1.
Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
A. Tall, green, new, short, great, warm, fresh, young, cold, sweet, high, poor, small, clear, quick, free.
B. Early, happy, funny, dirty, lovely, busy, simple, narrow, yellow, complete, lazy.
C. Famous, active, wicked, serious, stupid, beautiful, attentive, excellent, outstanding, wonderful.
D. Good, bad, little, many, far, near, old.
Exercise 2.
Write down the sentences and translate them paying attention to the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives.
1.Her answer is the best. 2. This apple is the sweetest. 3. The day is warmer than the morning. 4. This is the most interesting book of all. 5. This news is the most exciting in the world. 6. Their flat is larger than their mother’s. 7. Our task is easier than our friends'. 8. Her lips are redder than a rose. 9. His reading is better than his spelling.
Exercise 3.
A. Complete these sentences with the correct superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses.
1. (long) The Nile River is the longest river in the world.
2. (high) Mr. Everest is _____ mountain in the world.
3. (good) Some people say that Harvard is _____ university in the U.S.
4. (great) Many Americans think that Abraham Lincoln was _____ President of the U.S.
5. (large) Mexico City is _____ city in the world today.
6. (popular) The Sound of music was _____ movie of the year 1966.
7. (bad) Many people believe that Adolf Hitler was _____ man in the history of the world.
8. (important) The new York Times is _____ newspaper in New York.
9. (beautiful) Some peoples think that Cleopatra was _____ woman of her time.
10. (famous) Mohamed Ali is probably _____ boxer in the United States.
B. Write your own sentences. What do you think? Give your opinion.
1. (beautiful/ city) I think Astana is the most beautiful city.
2. comfortable/ car _____________________
3. busy/ street _________________________
4. smart/ student _______________________
5. expensive/ university _________________
6. good/ artist _________________________
7. bad/ politician _______________________
Exercise 4.
Give equivalents of the following English proverbs:
1. As the days grow longer, the storms are stronger.
2. Better a glorious death than a shameful life.
3. Cheapest is the dearest.
4. As like as two peas.
5. The nearer the bone, the sweeter the flesh.
Exercise 5.
Change the following sentences into the interrogative and let your fellow – students answer them in the affirmative (A) and in the negative (B).
Example: She can read English.
Can she read English? Yes, she can read English.
1. We can listen and hear with our ears and we can see with our eyes.
2. I can write only with my right hand.
3. My brother can kick a ball with his foot.
4. He can run 1500 meters in 5 minutes.
5. We can write the ABC.
6. My brother can draw simple pictures with his left hand.
7. The girl can speak French very well.
8. Dan can give you the book tomorrow.
Exercise 6.
Find the sentences in which “to have” and “to be” are used in the modal meaning.
1. Last summer I had to stay at home.
2. We had much work last summer.
3. She has to get up early: she must prepare for the test.
4. Next autumn the farmers will have good yields.
5. We have to introduce many fertilizers to enrich the soil.
6. The students planted many trees near their Institute and are to plant still more.
7. Most people are to learn foreign languages today.
Exercise 7.
Change the following sentences into the future.
Example: May the students leave the room in a few minutes? Will you allow the students to leave the room in a few minutes?
1. May I stay away from the classes?
2. May she miss her classes tomorrow?
3. May I look up words in the dictionary?
4. May he not do his job now?
5. May I read this letter to mother?
6. May we use a dictionary at the exam?
7. May I not come to the examination to night?
8. May I play the piano in your room?
Exercise 8.
A. Say what you must do in the morning.
1. Get up early.
2. Wash yourself.
3. Air the room.
4. Do morning exercises.
5. Make your bed.
6. Have breakfast.
7. Clear away the table.
8. Go to the University.
B. Say what you mustn’t do being a student.
1. Be late for classes.
2. Miss classes.
3. Talk at the lessons.
4. Prompt each other.
5. Leave the classroom during lessons.
6. Interrupt your teacher.
7. Change places at the lessons.
Lesson 2
| Grammar: Participle I Continuous Tenses §2 Text: Environmental pollution |
I. Read and translate the following words and word- combinations:
pollution, to refer (to), to pollute, to dirty, smoke, to poison, chemicals, substance, to damage, fertilizers, vehicle, to disturb, noise, to cause, to face, to harm, illness, death, to kill, to reduce, amount, available, to grow, to bring, ugliness, to complicate, to benefit, to discharge, job, goods, to ruin, crop, aid, to lessen, to enforce, to require, to persuade, major, rural, pollutants, to scatter.
II. Arrange the following words in pairs of a) synonyms, b) antonyms:
a) to ruin, to pollute, substance, vehicle, to require, to dirty, matter, pollution, to destroy, amount, labor, to trouble, to convince, contamination, to disturb, job, to enforce, to lessen, to persuade, automobile, major, to reduce, quantity, general, to claim, to encourage.
b) death, urban, to collect, silence, life, health, to reduce, to discharge, rural, illness, to charge, to benefit, noise, to scatter, to do smb. harm, to increase.
Word- building
- ness- illness, ugliness, business
- dis- discharge, disappear
- able- available, comfortable
III. Read and translate the text A:
Environmental pollution.
Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their surroundings. People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and other substances, and damage the soil with too many fertilizers in various other ways. They operate machines and motor vehicles that fill the air with disturbing noise. Nearly everyone causes environmental pollution in some way.
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity today. Air, water, and soil – all harmed by pollution- are necessary to the survival of all living things. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land that is available for growing food. In addition, environmental pollution also brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world.
Everyone wants to reduce pollution. But the pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious. It is complicated because much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. For example, exhaust from automobiles causes a large percentage of all air pollution. But the automobile provides transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories provide jobs for people and produce goods that people want. Too much fertilizer or pesticide can ruin soil, but fertilizers and pesticides are important aids to the growing of crops.
Thus, to end or greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to stop using many things that benefit them. Most people do not want to do that, of course. But pollution can be gradually reduced in several ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the amount of pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments can pass and enforce laws that require businesses and individuals to stop, or cut down on, certain polluting activities. And – perhaps most importantly – individuals and groups of people can work to persuade their representatives in government, and also persuade businesses, to take action toward reducing pollution.
People have always polluted their surroundings. But throughout much of history, pollution was not a major problem. Most people lived in uncrowded rural areas, and the pollutants (waste products) they produce were widely scattered.
IV. Answer the following questions:
1) What is environmental pollution?
2) What is the most serious problem facing humanity today?
3) What does polluted water kill?
4) What can badly polluted air cause?
5) Who can pass and enforce laws reducing polluting activities?
6) Name all kinds of environmental pollution.
V. Make up sentences with the help of the words from right and left columns:
1. People also pollute 1. is one of the most serious problems
2. Everyone wants facing humanity
3. Pollution of soil 2. reduces the amount of land
4. Environmental pollution 3. to reduce pollution
5. Too much fertilizer 4. their surroundings in various other
6. All parts of the environment ways
7. Badly polluted air 5. Are closely related to one another
6. can ruin soil
7. can cause illness
VI. Give definitions to the following words:
Smoke, poison, fertilizer, crop, pollute.
1) agricultural plants in the fields;
2) make dirty;
3) chemical plant food; artificial manure;
4) visible vapour with particles of carbon, etc. Coming from a burning substance;
5) substance causing death or harm if absorbed by a living thing (animal, or plant)
VII. Summarize in own words the main idea of the text.
VIII. Read and translate the text B:
anti- pollution To pollute means to make something dirty/ Anti- pollution is the word that describes something that is against pollution or that doesn't make air, land or water unclean.
environment Environment is the name for all the things that are around a person or an object. In this passage environment is the air, land water that surrounds people.
device A Device is something invented for a special purpose.
Only the government can ensure that the American people have clean air and pure water. Congress must pass laws to stop manufacturers from polluting the air and water with the wastes from their factories.
Unless anti- pollution standards are enforced for all, companies that care about a clean environment will go out of business. For example, if Automobile Company X spends money to put an air- pollution control device on their automobiles, their cars will be more expensive than the cars produced by another company. People who don't have the extra money or who don't care about pollution will not buy the more expensive car. Automobile Company X will go bankrupt; that is, it won't make enough money to pay its workers and to buy materials. It will go out of business. Of course, no automobile company will deliberately make itself go bankrupt, and so the pollution of the land and air and water will go on.
But if the government says that all automobile manufactures must make cars with air- pollution control devices, the costs to all car manufacturers will be equal. The government cannot let companies decide whether or not they want to stop pollution. The government must force manufacturers to help clean up the environment by setting anti- pollution standards for everyone.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
(1) Manufacturers should not pollute the air.
(2) Automobile Company X would go bankrupt.
(3) The government should set anti- pollution standards.
(4) A clean environment is needed.
2. What is the purpose of this passage?
(1) to describe how a company can go bankrupt
(2) to describe what it would be like to have a clean environment
(3) to tell how the writer feels about Automobile Company X
(4) to tell how the writer feels about the government and anti- pollution standards
3. What does the writer feel is the important problem in this passage?
(1) People don't have extra money to buy cars made by Automobile Company X.
(2) Automobile companies won't stop pollution the environment by themselves.
(3) The governments must enforce anti- pollution standards.
(4) Automobile companies must put air- pollution control devices on their cars.
4. What does "deliberately" mean in this passage?
(1) on purpose (3) without cause
(2) quickly (4) by itself
5. What does "standards" mean in this passage?
(1) devices (3) equipment
(2) rules (4) businesses
Words to Help You Understand the Passage
unemployment compensation Unemployment compensation is money paid by the government to people who have laid off from their jobs. The people collect money for a certain number of weeks or until they find new work.
minimum Minimum is the lowest possible. A minimum income would be the smallest amount of money a person can earn.
industrial Industrial describes something that has to do with manufacturing or business. An industrial country is one that has more people who work manufacturing than work on farms.
Grammar exercises.
| The Present Continuous Tense | 1. She is in her room. She is looking through the morning newspapers. 2. They are working at this problem at present. |
| The Past Continuous Tense | 1. He was working in the garden at six in the morning (when I came home, after lunch.) 2. They were studying at the University in 1977. |
| The Furture Continuous Tense | 1. I wonder what he will be doing at this time tomorrow. 2. They will be writing their course papers in April. 3. I can send the telegram. I 'll be passing by the post-office. |
Exercise 1.
Form Participle I from the following verbs and translate them:
to tell, to send, to take, to read, to look, to put, to last, to open, to sit, to come, to walk, to sing, to reply, to die, to lie, to offer.
Exercise 2.
Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the functions of Participle I.
1. The speaking man is our teacher.
2. Going to the University I met my friend.
3. Being in Astana she visited us.
4. The man reading at the window is my friend from London.
5. I saw playing boys in my garden.
6. I don't like people speaking very loud.
Exercise 3.
Use the verbs in Present Continuous Tense.
1. I write a letter.
2. Richard walks to school.
3. My father works in his garden.
4. The book lies on the table.
5. The gardener cuts down.
6. Shopkeepers tie up the parcels.
Exercise 4.
Use sentences in Present Continuous or Present Simple.
Example: (play) Elizabeth plays the piano well. She is playing it now.
1. (drive) my father _____ to his office every day. He _____ there now.
2. (speak) he generally _____ Greek, but he ____ English today.
3. (make) mother _____ toast in the kitchen just now. She usually_____ toast for breakfast.
4. (strike) Listen, the clock_____. Count the strokes.
Exercise 5.
Translate parts of sentences paying attention to the functions of
Participle I.
1. The student translating the text is....
2. The translating student....
3. Translating the text the student....
4. The student is translating the text....
5. Going along the street I....
6. He is going along the street....
7. The man going along the street....
Exercise 6.
Use correct form of, "to be".
1. Where... you going? – I... going to the supermarket.
2. I... thinking about the dress I saw in the shop window yesterday.
3. We... going to be late. The shop will be closed.
4.... you going to the baker' s? Buy a loaf of bread for me, please.
5. We... driving too fast and didn't see the traffic lights.
6. He... choosing an umbrella too long but didn't buy any.
7. While my mother... paying for the things I bought a bar chocolate for myself.
8. I hope it... not... raining tomorrow. It's our shopping day.
9. He... celebrating his birthday tomorrow. Let's go and buy him some present.
10. What... you looking for? – I... trying to find a Christmas present for my wife.
Exercise 7.
Read the text a) retell it; b) retell it in the Past, begin with "Yesterday I attended...".
We are at an English wedding. The bride, the groom, the relatives and the quests are standing outside the house. The bride is wearing a long white dress and is having some blue flowers in her left hand. The groom is wearing a traditional morning suit and is having a top hat in his right hand. They are all smiling, because they are very happy. In a few minutes they are going to get into a Rolls- Royce and drive to a restaurant for celebration.
At the restaurant they are going to eat a big cake and drink champagne. Then they will be opening all their presents. Some people will be making speeches and both of the mothers will be crying. The guest will be dancing, telling jokes, singing songs and wishing the bride and the groom happiness. They are going to be happy for ever and ever and have a lot of children.
Lesson 3
| Grammar: 1.Past Participle §4 2.Perfect Tenses §4 3.Text: Kinds of pollution |
I Read and translate the following words and word- combinations:
Wastes, odorless, hazy, smelly, damage, property, particulates, tiny, liquid, solid, matter, indoor, outdoor, tend, combustion, manufacture, reduce, furnace, trash, irritate, lungs, pneumonia, illness, harm, protect, available, substances, support, crop, soil, nutrients, decay, feed, fertilizers.
II Arrange the following words in pairs of a) synonyms b) antonyms:
a) soil, matter, damage, reduce, liquid, land, trash, substance, decrease, solid, wastes, harm
b) indoor, reduce, tiny, outdoor, odorless, increase, smelly, large.
Word- building
- less careless, treeless
- ness happiness, kindness
- y sunny, heavy
- tion pollution, irrigation
- able comfortable, usable
- ent (ant) different, pollutant
III Read and translate the text A:
Kinds of pollution
There are several kinds of environmental pollution. They include air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and pollution caused by soil wastes, noise, and radiation.
Air pollution turns clear, odorless air into hazy, smelly air that harms health, kills plants, and damages property. People cause air pollution both outdoors and indoors. Outdoor air pollution results from pouring hundreds of millions of tons of gases and particulates. (tiny particles of liquid or solid matter) into the atmosphere each year. One of the most common forms of outdoor air pollution is smog. Indoor air pollution results from many of the same substances found outdoors. But indoor pollutants can present a more serious problem because they tend to build up in a small area from which they cannot easily escape. Cigarette smoke is a familiar indoor air pollutant.
Most air pollution results from combustion (burning) processes. The burning of gasoline to power motor vehicles and the burning of coal to heat buildings and help manufacture products are examples of such processes.
Weather conditions can help reduce the amount of pollutants in outdoor air.
Air pollution Most of the gases and particles that people put into the air come from combustion (burning) processes. The furnaces in factories, homes, and office buildings, the engines in automobiles, airplanes, and other motor vehicles; and the burning of trash are the chief sources of pollution from combustion. The pollutants from these sources have a wide variety of effects, as shown below.
One serious result of air pollution is its harmful effect on human health. Both gases and particulates burn people's eyes and irritate their lungs. Particulates can settle in the lungs and worsen such respiratory diseases as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Air pollution also harms plants. Poisonous gases in the air can restrict the growth of, and eventually kill, nearly all kinds of plants.
Air pollutants may also effect climate. Both gases and particulates can cause changes in the average temperatures of an area.
Air pollutants may damage the layer of ozone (a form of oxygen) in the earth's upper atmosphere. The ozone layer protects animals and plants from much of the sun's harmful ultraviolet light.
Water pollution Most of the pollutants that people put into water come from treated and untreated sewage, from agricultural drainage, and from industrial wastes. The pollutants reduce valuable supplies of pure, fresh water by upsetting the natural cycles that work to keep water clean. By upsetting the cycles, the pollutants harm the animals and plants that live in the water.
Water pollution reduces the amount of pure, fresh water that is available for such necessities as drinking and cleaning, and for such activities as swimming and fishing. The pollutants that affect water come mainly from industries, farms, and sewerage systems.
Soil pollution damages the thin layer of fertile soil that covers much of the earth's land is essential for growing food. Natural processes took thousands of years to form the soil that supports crops. But, through poor treatment people can destroy soil in a few years.
Plant and animal wastes, including dead organisms, accumulate in the soil. Bacteria and fungi decay these wastes, breaking them down into nitrates, phosphates, and other nutrients. The nutrients feed growing plants, and when the plants die the cycle begins again.
People use fertilizers and pesticides to grow more and better crops. Fertilizers add extra nutrients to the soil and increase the amount of a crop that can be grown on an area of land. But the use of large amounts of fertilizer may decrease the ability of bacteria to decay wastes and produce nutrients naturally.
IV Answer the following questions:
1) What kinds of environmental pollution do you know?
2) How do people cause air pollution?
3) What is the most common from of outdoor air pollution?
4) What is the meaning of smog?
5) What can help reduce the amount of pollutants in outdoor air?
6) What causes water pollution?
7) Were do most of the pollutants come from?
8) What does soil pollution damage?
9) What accumulates in the soil?
V Complete the following sentences:
1). People cause air pollution both outdoors and _________.
2). Weather conditions can help reduce the amount of ______ in outdoor air.
3). Particulates can settle in the lungs and worsen such ______ diseases as asthma bronchitis and pneumonia.
4). The pollutants that affect water come mainly from _____, farms and sewerage systems.
5). Pollution damages the thin layer of fertile soil that covers much of the earth's land and is essential for growing food.
VI. Find nouns and verbs which correspond to the following definitions:
Smoke, poison, fertilizer, crop, pollute.
1). agricultural plants in the fields
2). make dirty
3). chemical plant food; artificial manure
4). visible vapour particles of carbon, etc. Coming from a burning substance.
5). Substance causing death or harm it absorbed by a living thing (animal or plant).
VII. Make up the sentences with the following words and word combinations:
several kinds of environmental pollution; air pollution; pollutants; is one of the most serious problems; wants to reduce pollution, necessary to the several.
VIII. Match left and right
1. People also pollute 1. Is one of the most serious
2. Everyone wants problems facing humanity
3. Pollution of soil 2. Reduces the amount of land
4. Environmental pollution 3. to reduce pollution
5. Too much fertilizer 4. their surroundings
6. All parts of the environment in various other ways
7. Badly polluted air 5. Are closely related to one
another
6. can ruin soil
7. can cause illness
IX. Read and translate text B:
"Air pollution"
Words to Help You Understand the Passage
sources Sources are things or places from which something else comes or begins.
energy In science, energy is the ability to do work.
contributes To contribute means to give a part of something or to have a share in making something happen.
particles Particles are small pieces of things, such as specks of dust.
corrode To corrode means to eat away, as to turn to rust.
____________
People and the sources of air pollution are found in the same places. This means that cities that have large populations have the biggest problem of dirty air. Air pollution is caused by many different things. A major source of air pollution is the gas fumes from cars. Statistics show that 93 percent of all auto trips are within cities. Another major source of dirty air is the burning of coal and for energy. This energy is needed to make electricity. Of course, much more electricity is used in the city than in the country.
On the average, each American throws away more trash and garbage than he did the year before. Burning garbage contributes to air pollution. Many major industries are also responsible for the dirty air in and around cities. The fumes from iron, steel, chemical, and petroleum production add particles to the air.
The effect of air pollution range from mild headaches to death. The levels of pollution found in heavy traffic may cause headaches or loss of clear vision. Wherever coal and oil are used for fuel, fumes may kill trees and plants and cause metal to corrode. In some of the larger cities, these fumes endanger the lives of human beings by contributing to lung diseases and causing early deaths.
1. What is this passage about?
(1) cities (3) air pollution
(2) cars (4) industries
2. What is said about air pollution? (What is the main idea of the passage?)
(1) The cause of air pollution is people.
(2) The causes and the effects of air pollution are both found in cities.
(3) The effects of air pollution range from headaches to death.
(4) Air pollution is caused by dirty air.
3. What is the purpose of this passage?
(1) to persuade people to stop polluting the air
(2) to tell the causes and effects of air pollution
(3) to tell why cities are bad places to live
(4) to describe how people living in cities feel about polluted air
4. Which of these does not cause air pollution?
(1) trucks
(2) burning garbage
(3) headaches
(4) burning coal and oil as fuel
5. What does "endanger" mean in this passage?
(1) make easier
(2) cause danger to
(3) make less dangerous
(4) make faster
Grammar exercises
The Present Perfect Tense
| 1. He has travelled a lot. 2. He has never been to Astana. 3. He has always wanted to have a car. 4. We have already done our work. 5. They have just finished the text. 6. I haven’t seen him this week (lately, for the last few days, etc. 7. I’ve known him since 1947 (I was a child; I came here, etc.) |
The Past Perfect Tense
| 1. By three o’clock yesterday he had arranged everything for the trip. 2. He said that they had left Astana a week before. 3. He told me that she had known him since 1962. 4. When we arrived at the stadium, the match had already started. 5. As soon as (when, after) they had finished breakfast the children run out to play. 6. He had not want to go to the cinema because he had seen the film on TV. |
The Future Perfect Tense
| 1. They will have done their work by seven o’clock. 2. By this time tomorrow he will have crossed the channel and will be in England. 3. In 2003 he will have lived in Astana for twenty years. 4. By the time you come back, he’ll have been here for two hours. |
Exercise 1.
Give the three forms of the following verbs and translate them into Kazakh.
a) to repeat, to translate, to study, to answer, to discuss, to receive, to ask, to wash, to play, to stop, to decide, to dress, to love, to use, to open, to revise, to finish.
b) to read, to take, to do, to begin, to give, to see, to spend, to make, to tell, to leave, to meet, to send, to hear, to find, to know, to put, to wake up.
c) to go, to sit, to come, to get to, to be, to think, to speak.
Exercise 2.
Read and translate the following sentences.
1. The opened book is not English. 2. The work done by those students is very interesting. 3. The given formula is correct. 4. You must rewrite and read the words written on the blackboard. 5. This translated story is very interesting. 6. The stories translated by us were very difficult. 7. The students will show their friends from Canada old houses built many centuries ago and new beautiful houses. 8. The translation made without a dictionary was very good. 9. The method used is important for the experiments.
Exercise 3.
Choose the correct form of the Participle.
1. I enjoyed the book. It was very interested / interesting. 2. They were shocked/ shocking when they story heard the news. 3. He thought the story was amused/ amusing. 4. I was worried/ worrying when she didn't come home. 5. It was surprised / surprising that she didn't come to the station. 6. I usually find hockey rather bored/ boring. 7. Are you interested / interesting in biology? 8. She was far too frightened / frightening to call. 9. Paralyzed / paralyzing with terror he did not know what to do. 10. Jane will be disappointed/ disappointing if she fails the exam.
Exercise 4.
Join following pairs of sentences substituting the Past Perfect for the Past Simple in one of the clauses according to the sense. Make use of the conjunctions: after, before, when, till, until.
Pattern: They came. She finished her work. They came after she had finished her work.
1. The children returned from school, mother cooked dinner. 2. They went for a walk. It stopped raining. 3. The frosts began she made winter things for her children. 4. I waited she did the room. 5. He took his bath. His wife laid the table for breakfast. 6. Nick left for school Nelly was ready. 7. The children fell asleep. The parents came back from the pictures. 8. Mother waited. The children went to the skating – rink. 9. The bell rang. He went to bed. 10. She called on them. They went to the pictures. 11. They came to the skating- rink. The snow began. 12. It grew dark. The children went home.
Exercise 5
Write the possible answers. Use Present Perfect.
1. Why are you looking so happy?
2. Why are you looking so sad?
3. Why is your friend so angry?
4. Why is Ann crying?
5. Why are the students laughing?
(to get a letter from home; to pass the exam; to fail the exam; to lose one's bag; to hear a funny story; to get a ticket to the concert; to hear bad news; to win the first prize; to hear good news.)
Exercise 6
Choose the right verb.
1. A group of teenagers in the town (has / have) organized a scheme to help old people with their shopping.
2. A number of people (has / have) complained about the noise.
3. More than one house in our street (has/ have) been broken into recently.
4. One of my friends (has / have) just won two free plane tickets to New York.
5. The Philippines (has / have) signed the new human rights agreement.
6. We've just learnt that a couple of our club members (has/ have) been chosen for the national team.
Exercise 7
Insert since or for in the appropriate sentences.
Pattern: Where is Kate? Oh, she's been in London since 1999.
1. I've known him... a long time.
2. We've been on holiday... three weeks.
3. He's been a student... four years.
4. She hasn't been to work... July.
5. She has been ill... a fortnight.
6. They have been divorced... last year.
7. We have been very busy... Christmas.
8. My grandmother has been a pensioner...five years.
9. He has been away... a month.
Exercise 8
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| V. Name 3 or 4 factors of | | | Make these sentences negative and interrogative. |