E.g.The door opened and who should come inbut Tom. (Дверь открылась, и кто бы вы думали вошел? Не кто иной, как Том.) As I was crossing the street, whom should I meetbut Aunt Ann.

e)in the set phrase How should I know? (Почем я знаю?).

2) In certain types of subordinate clauses

a) in object clauses after expressions of regret, surprise, sometimes pleasure or displeasure,

e.g. I’m sorry that you should think so badly of me. (Мне жаль, что вы так плохо обо мне думаете.)

b) in object clauses following the principal clause with it as a formal subject,

e.g. It is absurd that such things should happen to a family like theirs. (Нелепо, чтобы такие вещи случались в такой се­мье, как их.)

c) in constructions of the following kind,

e.g.That it should come to this! (И до чего дошло дело!)

To think that it should come to this! (Только подумать, до чего дошло дело!)

То think that it should have happened to me! (Только поду­мать, что это произошло со мной!)

Exercise 1. Match the English examples with their Russian equivalents.

1. You should write him a letter.	1. Тебе не следует писать ему об этом.
2. You shouldn’t write him about it.	2. Нет никаких оснований, почему бы вам не написать ему об этом.
3. Should I write him a letter?	3. Тебе следовало написать ему письмо.
4. You ought to write him about it.	4. Ты бы написал ему письмо.
5. You ought not to write him about it.	5. С какой стати я должен писать ему об этом?
6. You should have written him about it.	6. Не написать ли мне ему письмо?
7. You shouldn’t have written him about it.	7. Тебе не надо было писать ему об этом.
8. You ought to have written him a letter.	8. Не вижу причины, почему бы тебе было не написать ему об этом.
9. You ought not to have written him about it.	9. Тебе надо было написать ему об этом.
10. Do you think I should write him about it?	10. Тебе следует написать ему об этом.
11. Why should I write him about it?	11. Зачем тебе было писать ему об этом?
12. I see no reason why you shouldn’t have written him about it.	12. Ты бы не писал ему об этом.
13. Why should you have written him about it?	13. Как ты думаешь? Мне нужно писать ему об этом?
14. There’s no reason why you shouldn’t write him about it.	14. Тебе не следовало писать ему об этом.

* Translate into English using should + Indefinite Infinitive or Per­fect Infinitive).

1.Дети должны быть более внимательны к сво­им родителям.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Ему следует обратиться к вра­чу

. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Ему следовало давно обратиться к врачу

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Вы не должны давать ребенку столько конфет.

………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………

5. Ему следует прочитать эту книгу. …………………………………………………………………………….

6. Ему следо­вало уже прочитать эту книгу. ……………………………………………………………….

7. Вам следует пой­ти туда и поговорить с ними.

…………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………

8. Вам следовало схо­дить туда (раньше) и поговорить с ними.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать.

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………

10. Он не должен был забывать о моей просьбе.

………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….…..

**Insert should or had to + the proper form of the infinitive..

1. I………………….... (to take) a taxi, otherwise I should have missed the train. 2. You walked all the way here car­rying this heavy suitcase. You ……………………………. (to take) a taxi. 3. They won't be able to buy anything but lemonade on the train. You ………………………………….. (to give) them some sandwiches at least. 4. Mother was coming to dinner, so I ……………………………….. (to bake) her favourite cake. 5. You knew I was bring­ing people to dinner. You ……………………………….. (to bake) a cake. 6. He was out when we came, and we ……………………. (to wait) for over an hour. 7. It was raining hard. We ………………………………….. (to wear) our raincoats. 8. She is quite an authority. You …………………………..... (to ask) her. 9. I could not stand that noise any longer. I …………………………... (to go) out and (to tell) them to stop. 10. How can you work in this noise? You …………..... (to tell) the chil­dren to stop.

***Insert should or had to + the proper form of the infinitive.

1. Mike isn't here. He ……………………………... (to leave) early. 2. The car broke down and they …………………………. (to get) a taxi. 3. You ………………………….... (to disconnect) the computer yesterday. There's something wrong with it. You can't send e-mail now. 4. There was nothing in the fridge and she ………………... (to go) shopping last Friday. 5. I …………………………... (to write) this com­position yesterday, but I was too busy as I …………………………... (to translate) a very long text from English. 6. I ……………………………….. not (to take) my little brother to the evening perform­ance, he was so excited; but I really......................................................... (to do) so, for there was nobody at home to leave him with. 7. You ………………………….... (to see) our team play! You have missed a lot. You ……………………………... (to go) to the stadium. 8. It was a very important meeting and we …………………………..... (to attend) it. That's why we returned home late. 9. He ……………………………………… (to attend) the lesson: the material which the teacher explained was very difficult, and now it will be impossible for him to write the test paper well. 10. Although he felt unwell, he ………………………………..... (to attend) the lesson, because the teacher explained some very difficult material.

****Insert should, need or to have to + the proper form of the infinitive.

1. You.......................................... not (to go) out in this rain; as it is you have a cold in your head. 2. It was Sunday, and we …………………………. not (to go) to school. 3. Everything is all right. You see that you ……………………... not (to worry). 4. You are out of breath. You ………………………... not (to run): you know how bad it is for you. 5. You......................................... not (to tell) her about it. Now she is sure not to sleep the whole night worrying. 6. You …………………………. not (to go) with her: she knows the way perfectly well. 7. You …………………………... not (to put) so much pep­per in the meat. No one will be able to eat it. 8. You... ……………………………….not (to give) them any lunch. They can get coffee and sandwiches on the train. 9. We don't accept cred­it cards. — Well, I just ……………………….... (to pay) cash, I guess. Oh, I don't have enough cash. I …………………………….. (to give) you a checque. 10. If you see anything unusual you ……………………………... (to call) the police. 11. There ……………………….. not (to be) any dif­ficulty about getting her a visa. 12. You …………………………………. not (to tell) him the news; he knew it already. 13. Accord­ing to the label, the orange marmalade ………………………….... (to refrig­erate) after opening. 14. I'm not particularly busy. I've got a few things to do but I.................................................. not (to do) them now. 15. You …………………………………………... not (to be) so impatient with him.

Key. *1. Children should be more attentive to their par­ents. 2. He should consult the doctor. 3. He should have consulted the doctor long ago. 4. You should not give the child so many sweets. 5. He should read this book. 6. He should have read this book. 7. You should go there and speak to them. 8. You should have gone there and spoken to them. 9. He should not have spo­ken so rudely. 10. He should not have forgotten about my request.

** 1. had to take. 2. should have taken. 3. should have given. 4. had to bake. 5. should have baked. 6. had to wait. 7. had to wear. 8. should ask. 9. had to go out and tell. 10. should tell.

***1. had to leave. 2. had to get. 3. should have dis­connected. 4. had to go. 5. should have written, had to translate. 6. should not have taken, had to do. 7. should have seen, should have gone. 8. had to at­tend. 9. should have attended. 10. had to attend.

****1. should not have gone. 2. did not have to go. 3. need not have worried. 4. should not run. 5. should not have told. 6. need not go. 7. should not put 8. need not give. 9. I'll just have to pay, I'll have to give. 10. should call. 11. shouldn't be. 12. needn't have told. 13. should be refrigerated. 14. don't have to do. 15. shouldn't be.

OUGHT TO

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Moral duty, moral obligation weakened to the sense of advice, desirability.	ought to oughtn’t to; Ought I to …?	(не)нужно; (не)следует; (не)следовало	The Indefinite Infinitive The Continuous Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive indicates that a desirable action was not carried out (an undesirable action was carried out).	+ _   ?	I advise you to do … I advise you not to do … I recommend you to do … I urge you to do … It’s advisable for you to do … I would advise you to do …	You ought to lookafter the baby better. You ought to be gettingready for your report. You ought to have changed for the bus. That street is far from here. He oughtn’t to have left London without visiting Hyde Park.
2. Disapproval, reproach for failing to do what was one’s duty or moral obligation.	ought to oughtn’t to	(не)следует, (не)следовало бы, (не)нужно, (не)нужно бы	The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action was not carried out	affirmative negative		You ought to be speaking more clearly.   You ought to have helped him. You oughtn’t to have laughed at his mistakes.
3. Supposition implying probability.	ought to oughtn’t to	должно быть, очевидно, вероятно, стоит	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past.	affirmative negative	very likely he … it’s likely he … most likely he … very probable he I think it’s probable that … I expect he … probably not … It’s likely that I don’t think he	You ought to be hungry now. Apples ought to grow well here. You ought to hear the way he plays the piano! The cake is very tasty; it ought to have been baked by Mum.

There is hardly any difference between ought to and should. Very often they are interchangeable.

• Do you think I ought to apply for this job? (=Do you think I should apply?)

• Jack ought not to go to bed so late. (= Jack shouldn't go...)

---

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16