VIII. Translate into English using must, to have to or to be to.

1. Должно быть, он очень умен. ……………………………………………………………………………………

2. Должно быть, он вас узнал. ………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Ему предстояло пойти к директору и объяснить свое поведение.

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4. Вам придется поговорить с ней. ……………………………………………………………………………..…..

5. Им пришлось очень долго идти пешком.

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6. Ему не придется переписывать сочинение.

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7. Должно быть, он пишет ее портрет. ………………………………………………………………………………

8. Вероятно, они уже ушли. …………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Ему предстояло совершить удивительное открытие.

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10. Мне пред­стоит сделать много работы сегодня.

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11. К сожалению, они не смогли пойти на вечеринку. Маме пришлось ждать водопроводчика. Папе пришлось работать допозд­на в офисе. Тете пришлось позаботиться о малень­ких детях. Дяде пришлось ремонтировать маши­ну. Не повезло!

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Key. I. 1. Не must be very tired. 2. They even have a yacht. They must be very rich. 3. Must you leave tomorrow morning? 4. You mustn't be late. 5. I mustn't forget about my mother. I haven't written to her for ages. I must write her a letter tonight. 6. This book is very valuable. You mustn't lose it. 7. Must you go so soon? 8. I must admit (that) I am wrong. 9. I must work hard at my English. 10. You must listen to the teacher at­tentively at the lesson. 11. You must do your homework every day. 12. You must not forget about your duties. 13. You must be careful in the street. 14. She must be at home now. 15. My friends must be in the park. 16. You must be very hungry. 17. It must be very difficult to solve such problems. 18. I must see my friend today.

II. 1. may. 2. must (may, can). 3. may. 4. can. 5. must. 6. can. 7. can. 8. can. 9. can, can't. 10. must. 11. may. 12. must. 13. must. 14. My friend Danielle isn't a fa­mous artist. But she can even paint Russian icons. I can only admire her beautiful pictures. She must be a woman of great talents. She can speak German, French and English. She can translate a lot of articles for the Museum of her native town in Switzerland. She can also teach these languages at school. She is fantastic. I am fascinated by everything that she does.

III. 1. May I take your book? 2. At the English lesson you must speak only English. 3. Must we hand in our exercise books today? 4. May I ask you a question? — Yes, you are welcome (Yes, you may). 5. I cannot go to the cinema with you because I am very busy. 6. May I smoke here? — Yes, you are welcome. (Yes, you may). 7. He must be in his office now. You can speak to him. 8. May I come in? — You are welcome. (Yes, you may). 9. You must read this text. 10. Can he do this task? 11. I must speak to my friend today. 12. We must pay this electricity bill by the end of the month. 13. This woman is an excellent driver. She can even drive a bus. 14. May I have a tuna sandwich and a cup of coffee?

IV. 1. were, had. 2. is. 3. is. 4. am, are, are. 5. are. 6. have. 7. had. 8. shall have. 9. was. 10. are.

V. 1. was. 2. are. 3. had. 4. have. 5. had. 6. have. 7. had. 8. was. 9. are. 10. is. 11. was, had. 12. will have. 13. is. 14. had. 15. was.

VI. 1. I shall have to stay at home these days. The doc­tor says I am not to go out till my temperature is nor­mal. 2. Stay here while he is busy. I don't think you will have to wait long. 3. The performance was to be­gin at seven o'clock. 4. We had to put off the trip as the weather had got worse. 5. If you want to master a language, you have to read a lot. 6. According to the new timetable we are to have five English lessons a week. 7. We decided that everybody was to take part in the concert. 8. Sooner or later you will have to see the doctor. 9. Next year we are to begin studying as­tronomy. 10. To work out a new theory, the scientists had to make numerous experiments.

VII. 1. must be. 2. must have been. 3. must come and visit. 4. must really enjoy. 5. must have snowed. 6. must be snowing. 7. must have been snowing. 8. must have had. 9. must have. 10. must have worked. 11. must work. 12. must be reading. 13. must have been studying.

VIII. 1. Не must be very clever. 2. He must have recog­nized you. 3. He was to go to the headmaster and ex­plain his behaviour. 4. You will have to speak to her. 5. They had to walk for a long time. 6. He won't have to rewrite the composition. 7. He must be painting her portrait. 8. They must have already gone. 9. He was to make a wonderful discovery. 10. I am to do a lot of work today. 11. Unfortunate­ly, they weren't able to go to the party. Their mother had to wait for the plumber. Their father had to work late at his office. Their aunt had to take care of the little ones (the small children). Their uncle had to fix his car. Bad luck!

NEED

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
The modal verb need may be defective or regular. As a defective verb:
1. Necessity	need	необходимо, нужно	The Indefinite Infinitive	?	necessary	NeedIdo this right now? Need you go there?
2. a) Absence of necessity in the present; b) Absence of necessity in the past	needn’t	a) не нужно, нет необходимости b) зря, незачем было, не надо было	a) The Indefinite Infinitive b) The Perfect Infinitive (expresses an action which was performed though it was not necessary)	_	There is no need to do it. It’s not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it.	a) You needn’t explain such things. We know them. b) You needn’t have bought so much milk. We have some in the fridge.
As a regular verb:
1. Necessity	a) Do … need to Did … need to   b) need to	необходимо, нужно	The Indefinite Infinitive	a) ?   b) sometimes in affirmative	necessary	a)Doyou need todo this work right now? Didyou need to read all these articles?   b) You will need to be there sooner or later.
2. Lack or absence of necessity	don’t need to didn’t need to	не нужно, нет (не было) необходимости	The Indefinite Infinitive	_	There is no need to do it. It’s not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it.	You don’t need toexplain. You didn’t need tobe there.

Note 1: When rendering the Russian «не нужно было» use “needn’t have done” to show that the action was performed though it was not necessary. Use “didn’t have to do” to indicate that the action was not performed as there was no obligation. e.g. He needn’t have bought the book (but he did). It is available at the library. I didn’t have to buy the textbook (and I didn’t) as I had it at home.

Note 2: Need as a modal verb also occurs in combination with negative-type adverbs like hardly, never, seldom, rarely and scarcely to make what are effectively negative statements: She needs never know what you have just told me.

Note 3: The regular verb need may be followed by a noun or a pronoun: He needs a new copy-book. Do you need my help? She doesn’t need anything.

Note 4: The Russian sentence Вам не следует/не надо беспокоиться (волноваться) is rendered in English as: You needn’t worry (be nervous).

Note 5: Need can occur in clauses with a negative main clause: Idon’t think you need leave yet.

Note!!! - Need I go there at once? – Yes, you must. – Must I go there at once? – No, you needn’t.

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