IV. Translate into English using to be allowed to.

1.Курить воспрещается. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Ему не позволили курить у них в доме. …………………………………………..……………………………

3. В Англии вам разрешат водить машину, если вам 17 лет.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

4. В США вам разрешают продолжать ездить на машине даже в возрасте 90 лет.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

5. Мне разрешают пользоваться папиным магнитофоном.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

6. Дети уже большие. Им разрешают ходить в школу одним.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

7. Ему не раз­решают купаться в этой реке.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

8. Вчера ей позво­лили прийти домой в десять часов.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

9. Нам не по­зволяют разговаривать на уроках.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

10. Тебе позво­лили взять эту книгу?

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

11. Я думаю, мне не разре­шат поехать с тобой за город.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

12. Тебе разрешат пойти гулять, когда ты сделаешь уроки.

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

13. Тебе разрешали ходить на озеро, когда ты был малень­кий?

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

14. Когда мне разрешат есть мороженое?

…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………

Key. I. 1. I can speak English. 2. My father cannot speak German. 3. Can you speak French? 4. My sister cannot skate. 5. Can you swim across this river? 6. I cannot drink this milk. 7. She cannot understand you. 8. Could you swim last year? 9. Last year I could not ski, but now I can. 10. Can (Could) you tell me how to get to the railway station? 11. Could you help me? 12. I can­not translate this sentence. 13. Nobody could help me. 14. Where can I buy bread here? 15. Could your grand­mother dance when she was young? — Yes, and she can dance now.

II. 1. She won't be able to get to the airport on time. 2. Will you be able to send him e-mail tonight? 3. They won't be able to watch TV for a while because it is Sunday tomorrow and they will call nobody. 4. I'm afraid he won't be able to help me move to my new house next week. 5. Will you be able to do this work tomorrow? 6. I think she won't be able to solve this problem. 7. Tomorrow I shall be free and I shall be able to help you. 8. Shall we be able to go to New York next year? 9. Will you be able to repair my tape recorder? 10. Yesterday I could not see the headmaster as he was at a conference, but today after work I shall be able to do it.

III. 1. They will never be able to appreciate your kind­ness. 2. I was sure you would be able to (could) trans­late that article after you had translated so many texts on physics. 3. You will be able to go to the country when you have passed your last examination. 4. We can (shall be able to) pass to the next exercise when we have done this one. 5. I shall be able to give you my book for a couple of days after I have read it. 6. He has been able to ski for ten years. 7. We knew that she had been able to swim since a child. 8. You won't be able to take part in this serious sport competition until you Have mastered good skills. 9. I had not been able to solve the problem before he explained it to me.

IV. 1. Smoking is not allowed. 2. He wasn't allowed to smoke in their house. 3. In Britain you will be allowed to drive a car if you are seventeen years old. 4. In the USA you are allowed to go on driving even at the age of 90. 5. I am allowed to use father's tape recorder. 6. The children are already big. They are allowed to go to school alone. 7. He is not allowed to bathe in this river. 8. Yesterday she was allowed to come home at ten o'clock. 9. We are not allowed to talk in class. 10. Were you allowed to take this book? 11. I think I shall not be allowed to go to the country with you. 12. You will be allowed to go for a walk when you have done your homework. 13. Were you allowed to go to the lake when you were little? 14. When shall I be allowed to eat ice cream?

Exercise V. Match the following English sentences with their Russian equivalents.

А1. They can’t stay here any longer.	1. Я могу работать инженером-механиком.
2. Can he have built a summer cottage?	2. Я не могу работать сегодня, У меня сильно болит голова.
3. Can’t we afford to go to France for a holiday?	3. Я думаю, что смогу прийти в восемь часов.
4. I can work as a mechanical engineer.	4. Я могу прийти завтра.
5. He can’t have missed train.	5. Ты не можешь объяснить мне это правило?
6. I can come tomorrow.	6. Вы можете писать (пользоваться) моей ручкой.
7. Can you hear somebody walking in the corridor?	7. Им нельзя здесь больше оставаться.
8. I can’t help thinking they’ll come back soon.	8. Неужели это так интересно?
9. Can you explain this rule to me?	9. Неужели он строит дачу?
10. Can it be so interesting?	10. Неужели он построил дачу?
11. I am unable to work today. I have a bad headache.	11. Неужели он строил дачу?
12. He can’t be so rude.	12. Не может быть, что он такой грубиян.
13. You can use my pen.	13. Не может быть, что он сейчас в отпуске.
14. Can he have been building a summer cottage?	14. Не может быть, что он опоздал на поезд.
15. Can you help me with this translation?	15. Не может быть, что он играл в футбол.
16. I think I’ll be able to come at eight.	16. Вы слышите, как кто-то идет по коридору?
17. Can he be building a summer cottage?	17. Разве мы не можем позволить себе провести отпуск во Франции?
18. He can’t be having a holiday now.	18. Ты можешь помочь мне с этим переводом?
19. I can see some people there.	19. Я все думаю, что они скоро вернутся.
20. Не can’t have been playing football.	20. Я вижу там каких-то людей,

В

1. Could you work overtime today?	1. Я мог прийти в прошлую пятницу.
2. Could he be working now?	2. Я мог бы прийти в прошлую пятницу.
3. How did you manage to find all these documents?	3. Я мог бы прийти завтра утром.
4. I could have come last Friday.	4. Неужели он приходил в прошлую пятницу?
5. He couldn’t have worked there last year.	5. Неужели он работает сейчас?
6. He couldn’t speak French well enough to explain it all to the policeman.	6. Неужели он работал в саду?
7. Finally he succeeded in getting a decent job.	7. Не может быть, что он работает в саду. Идет дождь.
8. Could he have been working in the garden?	8. Не может быть, что он работал в саду.
9. He couldn’t afford to buy a new house.	9. Вы не могли бы поработать сегодня сверхурочно?
10. I could come tomorrow morning.	10. Не может быть, что он такой небрежный.
11. I couldn’t help calling them.	11. Не может быть, что он работал там в прошлом году.
12. It was raining and we couldn’t go to the country.	12. Я не мог помочь ему.
13. He couldn’t be working in the garden. It’s raining.	13. Я не мог не позвонить им.
14. Could you tell me the purpose of your visit to England?	14. У него не было денег, чтобы купить новый дом.
15. He couldn’t have been working in the garden.	15. Он не умел достаточно хорошо говорить по-французски, чтобы объяснить все это полицейскому.
16. I could come last Friday.	16. Как вам удалось найти все эти документы?
17. Could he have come last Friday?	17. Мне не удалось купить вашу книгу в Москве.
18. He couldn’t be so careless.	18. В конце концов ему удалось получить приличную работу.
19. I couldn’t help him.	19. Вы могли бы сказать мне о цели вашего визита в Англию?
20. I failed to buy your new book in Moscow.	20. Шел дождь, и мы не могли поехать за город.
21. He was able to find a new job only two months later.	21. Он смог найти новую работу только через два месяца.

MAY — MIGHT

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of senten- ces	Ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Request	May – the present tense Might – the past tense Might – subjunctive (a very polite way)	можно, может     нельзя ли мне...	The Indefinite Infinitive	?		May I come in?     He asked me if he might come in. Might I spend the week-end with you?
2. Permission	May – the present tense Might – the past tense	можешь, можете	The Indefinite Infinitive	+	to be allowed to be permitted	You may take any book. She said that I might take an apple.
3. Prohibition	May not	не могли бы вы; не смей; нельзя; ни в коем случае я не хочу, чтобы вы...	The Indefinite Infinitive	_   (formal written regulations)	I don’t permit	You may not touch my things.
4. Possibility of the fact (factual possibility)	May – the present tense Might – the past tense	можешь, могли	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the Present or Future	+		You may find all these books in the National Library.
5. 1) Quasi-subjunctive a) in clauses of purpose; b) in clauses of concession (уступка); c) in some other clauses after words expressing hope, wish, fear 2) Unreality	May (might) – quasi-subj. Might – subj.	1) а) Чтобы я мог... Чтобы... могли... b) Чтобы он ни... Как бы он ни с) боялся, что она не сможет... надеется, что я могу 2) мог бы могли бы, чуть не	1) The Indefinite Infinitive     2) The Perfect Infinitive	+		a) Sit here so that I may see your face. They died so that others might live. b) Try as he may, he will never get it. However hard he might try, he never managed it. c) The doctor has fears that she may not live much longer. He hoped that he might be set free.   2) I didn’t go with them. It was very windy and I might have caught a cold.
6. Disapproval or reproach	Might – subj.	мог бы, могли бы	The Indefinite Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive	+		Your child is dirty. You might be more attentive to him. You might have opened the door for me!
7. Supposition implying doubt, uncertainty неуверенность	a) may     b) might	а) возможно, может быть b) может быть и... возможно и...	The Indefinite Infinitive The Continuous Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive The Perfect Continuous Infinitive	+ _	perhaps, maybe	She may (might) be ill.     I think the doctor may (might) be examining him now. He may (might) have overslept.   She may (might) have been reading for hours.
8. To say that things are true but not important	may	возможно это и так, но...	The Indefinite Infinitive	+		He may have lots of money but I’m not going to marry him.

Note 1: Remember some expressions with the modal verb may/might:

1. I may/might as well + infinitive; (я, пожалуй)

I may as well have a cup of tea. – Я, пожалуй, выпью чашечку чая.

You may as well go there. – Тебе бы, пожалуй, сходить туда.

2. might just as well + infinitive; (пожалуй, лучше)

You might just as well wait till Friday. – Тебе бы, пожалуй, лучше подождать до пятницы.

You might just as well not do it. – Тебе, пожалуй, лучше не стоит делать этого.

Note 2: May (might) in the sense of supposition or uncertainty is not used in questions, instead some other means are used: Is it (he) likely …? Or Do you think …? Is Mary likely to arrive tonight? Do you think he has already come?

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