MUST, HAVE TO, BE TO

MUST

The modal verb musthas only one form. For the missing tense forms mustis substituted with to have to, to be toand to be obliged to.

2. Must and have to are used when we think it is necessary to do something. Sometimes it doesn't matter which you use.

• We haven't got any money. We must (=have to) go to the bank.

• Oh it's nearly 11 o'clock! It's later than I thought. We must (=have to) go.

• We had to go to the hospital yesterday.

But there is difference between must and have to and sometimes this is important.

Must is personal We use must when we give our personal feelings     e.g. He is the chief of the com­pany. You must meet him (it is important for you). I must go to the doctor (it is necessary for you). I must write a letter to my parents. I haven't written them for ages.

"Have to" is impersonal We use have to for facts, not for our personal feelings. (You have to do something) because of a rule or the sit­uation:   e.g. The traffic is heavy here. You can't turn right here. You have to turn left (be­cause of the traffic rules). Many children have to wear glasses as their eye­sight isn't very good. I can't come out with you this evening. I have to work late.

Compare I mustget up early tomorrow. There are a lot of things I want to do.

I have to get up early tomorrow. I'm going away and my train leaves at 6 o'clock.

Note:If you are not sure which verb to use, it is safer to use have to.

3. Weuse must to talk about the present or future, but never about the past. We use have to in all forms:

• I must work now = I have to work now

• We must go to the meeting tomorrow = We have to go to the meeting tomorrow

But: We had to stop in the village because everybody felt very tired.

4. In questions and negative sentences with have to, we use do (does)or did.

• Do I have to work right now?

- You don't have to work right now.

- You could tell them the truth, but you didn't have to tell it at all.

- He is not working tomorrow, so he doesn't have to get up early.

5. Mustn't and don't have to are completely different.

You mustn'tdo some­thing. = It is necessary that you do not do it (so, don't do it). You promised to be on time. You mustn'tbe late. (=You mustbe on time).

You don't have todo something = You don't need to do it (but you can if you want). He can help me if he wants but he doesn't have tohelp me (=he doesn't need to help me).

Note: have got to = have to

MUST

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Obligation, necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view.	Must – present or future time contexts; in past time contexts in Indirect Speech	должен	The Indefinite Infinitive	+   ?	to be obliged to it is necessary for smb to do smth	If you feel worse you must call the doctor. What must we do to keep fit? She said that I must go to the doctor. Must you shout so loudly? (when someone’s behaviour is annoying)
2. Prohibition	Mustn’t	не должен, нельзя	The Indefinite Infinitive	–	to be forbidden	The girl mustn’t go home alone. It’s very late.
3. Emphatic request (invitation) or advice	Must Mustn’t	(обязательно) должен	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ –		You must come and see me sometime. You must drop in at the chemist’s on your way home.
4. Supposition, implying assurance (уверенность), strong probability.	must	вероятно, должно быть, наверное, по-видимому, очевидно, по всей вероятности	All forms of the Infinitive	Only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences.	probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability	He must be mad.   He must bestill sleeping. She must have gone. He must have never been there. She must have been playing the piano for more than three hours.
5. Deduction логический вывод, заключение	must	вероятно, должно быть, наверное, по-видимому, очевидно, (вывод на основе ситуации или контекста)	All forms of the Infinitive	Only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences.	probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that,	Jack is putting on his hat and coat. He must be going out.

Note 1: Absence of necessity is expressed by needn’t. e.g. Must I mention all those facts in my report? – Yes, you must. They are very important. – No, you needn’t. they are of no use.

Note 2: The modal verb must may be used for the sake of emphasis. In this case must is not translated into Russian, it merely emphasizes some action or idea. Just when we were about to leave, the phone must ring. – Только мы собрались уходить, телефон возьми и зазвони. As we were starting what must he do but cut his finger. – Только мы начали, он возьми да и порежь себе палец.

Note 3: Must is not used in the negative form to express supposition implying assurance. This meaning is expressed by: a) Evidently (probably) they didn’t come to any agreement. b) They must have failed to buy that book. c) They must have misunderstood us. d) He must have never guessed the truth. e) No one must have told them the truth.

Note 4: Must is not used with reference to the future. In this case its equivalents are used. E.g. She is likely (unlikely) to come. I’ ll have to read it again.

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