Must, should and ought to compared

All the three verbs serve to express obligation. Must, however, sounds more forceful, peremptory.

e.g. You must do it at once. (Вы должны (обязаны) сделать это немедленно.)

Both should and ought to express obligation, advisability, de­sirability and are used when must would sound too peremptory. (безапелляционно, властно)

е.g. You should do it at once. You ought to do it at once. (Вам следует (нужно) сделать это немедленно.)

Should and ought to are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable. In using ought to, however, we lay more stress on the meaning of moral obligation, whereas should is com­mon in instructions and corrections.

e.g. You ought to help him; he is in trouble. You should use the definite article in this sentence.

Notice that ought to cannot be used instead of the emotional should.

Must, ought to and should serve to express supposition implying strong probability. Must, however, seems to be in more frequent use than the other two verbs.

should + Perfect Infinitive, ought to + Perfect Infinitive and was/were to + Perfect Infinitive compared

Should + Perfect infinitive and ought to + Perfect infin­itive show that the action has not been carried out though it was desirable;

was/were to + Perfect infinitive indicates an action that has not been carried out though it was planned.

e.g. You should have helped him. You ought to have warned him. (Now he is in trouble)

He was to have arrived last week. (But his plans were upset by some cause or other.)

shouldn't + Perfect Infinitive, oughtn't to + Perfect Infinitive and needn't + Perfect Infinitive сompared

Shouldn't + Perfect infinitive and oughtn't to + Perfect infinitive show that an action has been carried out though it was undesirable;

needn't + Perfect infinitive indicates that an action has been carried out though it was unnecessary.

e.g. You shouldn't have come (because you are ill).

You oughtn't to have written to them (because your letter up­set them).

You needn't have come (because the work is finished).

You needn't have written to them (because I sent them a telegram).

1.Он, должно быть, (вероятно) продал свое пианино. He must have sold his piano.
2. Он, возможно, (может быть) продал свое пианино. He may have sold his piano.
3. Может быть, он и продал свое пианино (хотя едва ли). Не might have sold his piano.
4. Не может быть, что он продал свое пианино. He can't have sold his piano.
5. Ему следовало продать пианино. He should have sold his piano.

6.Ему не следовало продавать пианино. He shouldn't have sold his piano.
7. Он мог и не продавать пианино (не было необходимости). He needn't have sold his piano.

8. Ему не понадобилось продавать пианино. He didn't have to sell his piano.
9. Ему пришлось продать пианино: He had to sell his piano.

10.Ему предстояло продать пианино. He was to sell his piano.

1. Они, должно быть, уехали в Нью-Йорк. They must have gone to New York.
2. Они, возможно, уехали в Нью-Йорк.They may have gone to New York. 3. Может быть, они и уехали в Нью-Йорк (хотя едва ли). They might have gone to New York.

4. Не может быть, что они уехали в Нью-Йорк. They can't have gone to New York.

5.Им следовало уехать в Нью-Йорк (а они не уехали). They should have gone to New York 6 Им не следовало уезжать в Нью-Йорк (а они уехали). They should not have gone to New York. 7. Они могли и не уезжать в Нью-Йорк (а они уехали). They need not have gone to New York. 8. Им незачем было уезжать в Нью-Йорк (они и не уехали). They did not have to go to New York. 9. Им пришлось уехать в Нью-Йорк. They had to go to New York.

10. Им предстояло уехать в Нью-Йорк.They were to go to New York.

1. They must be working abroad. Они, должно быть, работают за границей…
2. They may be working abroad. Они, может быть, работают…
3. They might be working abroad. Может быть, они и работают … (хотя едва ли)
4. They can't be working abroad. Не может быть, что они …
5. They must have worked abroad. Они, должно быть, работали…
6. They may have worked abroad. Они, может быть, работали…
7. They might have worked abroad. Может быть, они и работали…(хотя едва ли)
8. They can't have worked abroad. Не может быть, что они работали…
9. He must be at work. Он, должно быть, на работе. 10.He must have been at work. Он, должно быть, был на работе. 11. He may be at work. Он, может быть, на работе. 12. He may have been at work. Он, может быть, был на работе. 13. He might be at work. Может быть, он и на работе (хотя едва ли)

14. He might have been at work.Может быть, он и был на работе (хотя едва ли) 15. He can’t be at work. Не может быть, что он на работе. 16. He can’t have been at work. Не может быть, что он был на работе.

1. He is able to do (может, в состоянии) was – мог, will be – сможет

2. Не is (was, will be) allowed ему разрешают (-шили, -шат)
3. Не has to go (надо), had- пришлось, shall have to -придется
4. I have to go – должен, вынужден, I am to go – должен, предстоит (договорились, или такое расписание)
5.Не can't do it – он не может делать этого, He need not do it – он может не делать этого, need not have done – мог и не делать (а сделал)

6.Предположение – must- должно быть,

may – может быть,

might – может быть (но маловероятно),

can’t- не может быть.

7. He had to go – ему пришлось (must have gone – он, должно быть, ушел)

8. Can she have spent all the money? – неужели она истратила…

9. You needn’t have done (могли и не делать, это было не обязательно),

shouldn’t have done - не следовало делать (плохо, что вы это сделали),

should have done it - следовало делать (а вы не сделали);

I had to do it – пришлось сделать (сделал)

10. I needn’t have done it – можно было не делать (а я сделал),

I didn’t have to do it - можно было не делать (я и не делал)

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