1 You've been travelling all day. You...rnust... be very tired.
2 That restaurant............................... ………………be very good. It's always full of people.
3 That restaurant................................ ……………….be very good. It's always empty.
4 You're going on holiday next week. You.................................... be looking forward to it.
5 It rained every day during their holiday, so they................................. have had a very nice time.
6 Congratulations on passing your exam. You.................................... be very pleased.
7 You got here very quickly. You.................................. have walked very fast.
8 Bill and Sue go away on holiday very often, so they................................... be short of money.
2. Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form.
1 I've lost one of my gloves. I must...have dropped... it somewhere.
2 They haven't lived here for long. They can't...know... many people.
3 Ted isn't at work today. He must........................................... ………………….ill.
4 Ted wasn't at work last week. He must............................................ ……………ill.
5 (The doorbell rings)I wonder who that is. It can't............................................ ………………………….Mary.
She's still at work at this time.
6 Carol knows a lot about films. She must........................................... ………………………to the cinema a lot.
7 Look. Jack is putting on his hat and coat. He must............................................ …………………..out.
8 I left my bike outside the house last night and this morning it isn't there any more.
Somebody must…………………………………….…… it.
9 Ann was in a very difficult situation. It can't………………………………………………easy for her.
10 There is a man walking behind us. He has been walking behind us for the last 20 minutes.
He must…………………………………..……………us.
3. Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can't have.
1 The phone rang but I didn't hear it. (I / asleep)... I must have been a sleep.
2 Jane walked past me without speaking, (she / see / me)
…She can’t have seen me…
3 The jacket you bought is very good quality, (it / very expensive)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 I haven't seen the people next door for ages, (they / go away)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 I can't find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 Don passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 She knew everything about our plans, (she / listen / to our conversation)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9 When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I / forget / to turn it off)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10 The lights were red but the car didn't stop, (the driver / see / the red light)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11 I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise next door, (the neighbours / have /a party)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
| 2 must 3 can't 4 must 5 can't 6 must 7 must 8 can't | 3 be 4 have been 5 be 6 go or have been 7 be going 8 have taken / have stolen 9 have been 10 be following | 3 It must have been very expensive. 4 They must have gone away. 5 I must have left it in the restaurant last night. 6 The exam can't have been very difficult. 7 She must have been listening to our conversation. / She must have listened to... 8 She can't have understood what I said. 9 I must have forgotten to turn it off. 10 The driver can't have seen the red light. 11 The neighbours must have been having a party. |
To have+ Infinitive.
The modal expression to have+ Infinitive is used in three tense forms: the Present Indefinite, the Past Indefinite and the Future Indefinite.
e.g. I have to get up at six every day. (had to get up, shall/will have to get up)
The negative and interrogative forms of this modal expression are formed with the help of the auxiliary do.
Did you have to walk all the way home? I did not have to walk, I took a tram.
Only the Indefinite Infinitive Active and Passive can be used in this modal expression.
e.g. I had imagined we should have to hold a large house-party for the occasion.
To have+ Infinitive expresses an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. Its meaning is close to that of to be obliged. It is often rendered in Russian by приходится, должен, вынужден.
e.g.
And if my father was fighting sometimes he wouldn't let us into the house so that we had to stay out all night
И если мой отец дрался, он иногда не впускал нас в дом, так что нам приходилось ночевать на улице.
Though both the modal expressions to be+ Infinitive and to have+ Infinitive express a shade of obligation or necessity, there is a great difference in their meaning.
Compare:
e.g. As I was to be there at 5 sharp (part of an arrangement), I had to take a taxi (necessity arising out of this arrangement). Так как я должен был быть там ровно в пять, мне пришлось взять такси.
In colloquial English and especially in American English have got + Infinitive is often used in the same meaning as have + Infinitive.
This modal expression is used in the Present Indefinite tense only.
e.g. Okay, we'll beat'em to it. Dick, we've got to watch things and be ready.
The negative and interrogative forms are formed without any auxiliary.
e.g. Have you got to do all this work yourself? No, I have not got to work so much.
There is a tendency in Modern English to use got + Infinitive in the same meaning.
e.g. You can smile away till you split your cheeks, but you still got to do a day's work to earn a day's wages, and apples don't grow on monkey-trees.
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