COMPREHENSION. A The text gives the distinction between political systems.

A The text gives the distinction between political systems.

What are these systems?

B Match each headword on the left with its characteristics

On the right.

1. empires a) voluntary associations of

independent states

2. leagues b) centralization of power and the

absence of effective representation of

their component parts

3. confederations c) include states which combine their

forces to resist common military and

economic threat

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

A Read the words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress.

'separate terri'torially

'contact sub'national

'culture centrali'zation

'nation confede'ration

'national em'pire

B Replace the underlined items with the words and phrases

From the text that have a similar meaning.

1. Political system is a set of formal legal institutions that

make up a “government” or “state”. (para 1)

2. The political system is viewed as a set of “processes of

interaction”. (para 1)

3. The world today consists of more than 175 states. (para 2)

4. Separate national entities have contact with one another,

share aims and face common threats. (para 3)

5. Leagues are formed of states which combine their forces

to resist common military or economic threat. (para 5)

6. In some cases confederations have substituted more

centralized arrangements. (para 6)

C Match these verbs and nouns as they occur together in the

Text.

1. claim a) common threats

2. share b) disputes

3. face c) national state

4. provide d) common economic threat

5. resist e) sovereignty

6. handle f) stable government

7. establish g) goals and needs

D Complete these sentences using an appropriate phrase

From Exercise C.

1. Each of more than 175 states..........................................

2. Supranational relations means that states share goals

and...............................................................................

3. The regimes of great empires............................ for many

subject peoples.

4. Leagues include states that seek.....................................

5. Leagues have a judicial body for....................................

6. Confederations were a first step towards........................

E Work out questions you could ask about political systems

of states. Begin your questions like this:

What is…? What can you say about…?

How is…? What countries are…?

What distinction does…? What do…?

What do national states…? What was the constitution of

the United States…?

F Learn the active vocabulary.

to exercise sovereignty to handle disputes

to share goals to independent states

to face common threats to establish a national state

to resist a military threat to replace smth.

to combine forces to common features

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