Composite sentence. Compound sentence.

composite sentence is built up by two or more predicative lines. It can be defined as a structural and semantic unity of two or more syntactic constructions each having a predicative center of its own, built on the basis of a syntactic connection and used in speech communication as a unit of the same rank as the simple sentence.

A general classification of composite sentences can be based on the first two criteria – the type of syntactic connection and the rank of predicative constructions. Here compound and complex sentences are singled out. In the compound sentence predicative constructions of the high rank are connected by means of coordination while in the complex sentence – by means of subordination. According to the way in which parts of the composite sentence are joined together, two types can be singled out:

syndetic (by means of connectors);

asyndetic (without any connectors).

Compound sentences are structures of co-ordination with two or more immediate constituents which are syntactically equivalent, i. e. none of them is below the other in rank. The process of coordination involves the linking of structures of equal grammatical rank — single words and phrases in elementary compound groups or independent clauses in compound sentences. The coordinative conjunctions and the correlatives serve to produce coordination by joining the grammatically equivalent elements. Two or more clauses equal in rank can together be given the status of a single sentence. Such co-ordinated units make up a compound sentence. The formative words linking the parts of a compound sentence fall into the following types: 1) coordinative conjunctions, 2) conjunctive adverbs, 3) fixed prepositional phrases. Coordinative conju nctions are rather few in number: and, but, or, yet, for. Sentence-linking words, called conjunctive advebs are: consequently, furthermore, hence, however, moreover, nevertheless, therefore. Some typical fixed prepositional phrases functioning as sentence linkers are: at least, as a result, after a while, in addition, in contrast, in the next place, on the other hand, for example, for instance.

25. Intonation/prosody as a complex semantic unity of suprasegmantal features (prosodic subsystems). Functions of intonation/prosody and its subsystems.

Intonation is a complex unity of non-segmental, or prosodic features of speech: 1) melody, pitch of the voice; 2) sentence stress; 3) temporal characteristics (duration, tempo, pausation); 4) rhythm; 5) timber (voice quality). Intonation is a complex unity of closely related prosodic means (components of intonation)-melody-loudness-tempo-pause-voice quality and prosodic features(sentence accentuation, rhythm), which convey different intellectual (logical), modal and emotional attitudes.

Functions Prosody: 1) constitutive (structural) separate words, pronounced on the same level – normal communication is impossible/”voice in machine”. –integrative ( связывание); - delimitative (расчленение)-the same words, but a different translation, because of the way we pronounce them.

2) stylistic, each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale, greater degree of loudness, slower tempo of speech), colloquial style (lowered degree of loudness, great number of hesitation pause). 3) aesthetic, general impression from the person’s speech, harmony (балгозвучие). 4) social, information about gender, age, education, the place one lives.

Intonation: 1) communicative, type of utterance (command, request); 2) expressive: a) culminative - difference between new and given information (theme-rheme); b) highlighting- singing out words according to the degree of their semantic importance attitutional-in order to express his attitude the speaker changes the melody, timber of voice, loudness (I love you, mid-fall/fise-fall). Change in melody can lead to the change of the meaning of the whole utterance.

Sentence stress is a greater prominence of words, which are made more prominent in an intonation group. Rhythm is the regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. The number and the length of pauses affect the general tempo of speech.

26. The notion of literary pronunciation/standard of pronunciation. National pronunciation standards of English in the English-speaking countries. …

English is the mother tongue of several nations, thus it has the following national variants of pronunciation: British English, American English, Australian English, New Zealand English. All English speaking nations have their own literary pronunciation. Literary pronunciation (orthoepic pronunciation) - is an accent which implicitly enjoys the states of being correct, cultivated and accepted by the educated speakers throughout the country. Thus, varieties of pronunciation within a country can include a national standard of pronunciation and territorial or area accents.

It is well-known, that there are countries with more than one national language. If two national languages exist on the same territory, such a linguistic situation is called bilingualism as for example in Canada, where English and French function as two state languages.

The linguistic situation typical of a country with one national language is called monolingualism as for example in the USA, the United Kingdom, France, Spain and other countries. Literary pronunciation/standard of pronunciation is defined by its norm. Pronunciation norm is a set of pronunciation forms and rules of their usage, widely adopted by educated speakers in a social community. Pronunciation norm is not constant and fixed for all centuries and generations. It is dynamic in nature, that is libel for changes in the course of time.

RP/BBC English implicitly enjoys the status of the national standard of pronunciation in the United kingdom. RP was accepted as the national standard of pronunciation in the United Kingdom in the 19-th century. Received Pronunciation is mainly based on the Southern English regional type of pronunciation, but it has developed its own features which have given it a non-regional character. We may definitely state now that RP is a non localized accent within Britain, i.e. it is not associated with any particular city or region. If the speakers have it you cannot tell which area of Britain they come from, which is not the case for any other type of British accents. RP speakers make up a very small percentag e of the English population. Many native speakers have accents closely resembling RP, but not identical to it. Educated speech in the whole of Britain approximates to RP. RP is used in many countries as a teaching norm since it is most commonly described in the books on English phonetics.

In 1920s RP has been adopted by the news-readers of the British Broadcasting Corporation (the BBC). For that reason RP often became identified in the public mind with the BBC English. This type of accent is recognized as a social standard pronunciation of English often referred to as the “prestige accent”. It is used by the majority of Londoners who have had a university education, and is commonly heard in Oxford and Cambridge.

27. The collapse of American Dream in F.S. Fitzgerald’s “The great Gatsby”.

The book 'The Great Gatsby' by F. Scott Fitzgerald was an 'icon of its time.' The book discusses topics that were important, controversial and interesting back in 1920's America. The novel is 'an exploration of the American Dream as it exists in a corrupt period of history.' The main themes in the book are the decay of morals and values and the frustration of a 'modern' society. The Great Gatsby describes the decay of the American Dream and the want for money and materialism. This novel also describes the gap between the rich and the poor (Gatsby and the Wilsons, West Egg and the Valley of the Ashes) by comparing the differences between the Western United States (traditional western culture) and the Eastern United States (money obsessed values). On a smaller scale this could be seen as the difference between the West Egg (the 'new, money) and the East egg (the 'old' money). The parties that Gatsby held every week in the summer were a symbol of the carelessness of the time. Gatsby would hide in the house while the 'guests', most of whom were not even invited, would party, eat and drink until the early hours of the morning without even meeting the guest or even knowing who he was. People would turn up just to be seen or reported in the local newspapers "In his blue garden people came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne." This shows the carelessness of the guests. Another quote about the parties refers to the way the guests devour the endless supply of food and never give a thought as to who gave it to them. Another sign of the fall of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby is the way Gatsby makes his money. Gatsby gets his fortune through the illegal sale of alcohol ('bootlegging'). Gatsby's love life is also a sign of declining morals, and also a sign of further corruption of the American Dream. Daisy has an affair with Gatsby; Gatsby then gets concerned that Daisy does not tell Tom about her affair with him. Eventually Daisy tells Tom about her affair with Jay Gatsby. The climax of the story comes when Gatsby tells Tom that Daisy never loved him. The fall of the American Dream and corruption is also evident in the position and treatment of children in the story, Daisy and Tom's daughter, Pammy, is treated as an object to show off rather than a child to love. The Great Gatsby is a great portrayal of the corruption of society and the fall of the American Dream. The Great Gatsby shows us the way people will fall into the hands of money, greed and power and get involved in illegal activities to get where they want and what they want. This book is a perfect example of the fall of the American Dream in the 1920s.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-15