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Reported Speech
Reported speech is used to express what others have said. It is also used when you are writing a paper at college level. In this case, it involves paraphrasing and summarizing what different authors have said.
e.g.: Professor Jenkins said: “ Youhave to submit your course work on Friday.”
Professor Jenkins said (that) wehad to submit our course work on Friday.
e.g.: “You are absolutely right!” – He told me (that) I was absolutely right. “I saw Professor Jenkins yesterday. ” – She said (that) she had seen Professor Jenkins the day before yesterday. “Students have broken a lot of glassware today!” – The lab assistant complained that students had broken a lot of glassware that day.
e.g. “Look, I can’t go to the party tonight” – She refused to go to the party. “ Hello everybody, nice to see you.” – He greeted everybody.
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Practice
1. Complete the table to illustrate the basic rules for backshift when transforming direct speech into reported speech.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| now | |
| the day before | |
| two days ago | |
| the week before | |
| next year | |
| the next day/the following day | |
| here | |
| that | |
| these |
2. Complete the table showing the change of tenses in reported speech.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| Simple Present | |
| Present Progressive | |
| Simple Past | |
| Present Perfect Simple | |
| Past Perfect Simple | |
| Past Progressive | |
| Present Perfect Progressive | |
| Past Perfect Progressive | |
| Future (be going to) | |
| Future (will) |
3. Look back in the text. Report what people say about internships.
Example: You can navigate your way through the organization once you have
got through the door as an intern," says Christi Lehner
You say: Christi Lehner said that one could navigate his or her way
through the organization once he/she had through the door as an intern.
1. Report what the former interns said about their experience.
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“I am glad I chose this programme because I gained field and lab experience. My mentors, including grad students, really helped me to understand what was going on.”
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| “Research at VIMS was a wonderful experience. It was especially helpful in learning about graduate school and helping me decide what I want in a graduate program.” |
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| “I have more confidence because I’ve always felt as if my grades didn’t reflect my abilities; this project allowed me to excel and now I see that I enjoy this field and can do well in it.” |
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| "Internships provide important information necessary for prospective students to decide if they would want to make a career in science." |
| Listening |
Recording 7.2
1. You are going to hear an education report about internship programs in the USA. As you listen take notes to answer the questions.
a) What kind of jobs is getting more popular with students in the USA?
b) Do summer interns earn much?
c) What expenses can internships involve?
d) How do students benefit from working as interns?
e) How do employers benefit from internships programs?
f) Why are internship programs often criticized?
g) What can students receive in the unpaid internships?
h) What does Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland offer students?
| Get real |
Search the Internet to find information on the internship programs available in your field of study abroad. Choose the one you like best of all and take notes about this program under the following guidelines:
· Name of the job
· Opportunities for foreign students
· Duties involved
· Personal qualities required
· Skills and qualifications to gain
| Speaking |
Work in groups. Present and discuss the information on the internship programs you have found. See how many students would like to do it.
| Reading |
1. Work with a partner. Discuss these questions.
a) What kind of a job do you hope to get with your university degree?
b) What degree should you get to work in research areas?
c) Which would you prefer: to work in pure or applied science? Why?
d) Why do industries require the application of scientific knowledge?
2. As a class name as many science-related jobs as you can ending in -ist, - er / or, - ant / ent, - tian / cian. How many have you got?
3. Read the text and note down the names of the jobs that are new for you. In pairs compare your lists.
What can I do with a Science degree?
Your science degree opens up many career options. To choose a career, you need to consider the extent to which you would like to use your scientific knowledge in your future career. You may choose to work in pure science, applied science, an alternative career requiring an understanding of science or use the general skills you have acquired while studying.
Also, you have gained a high level of technical ability alongside general skills which will make you more employable.
Careers for science graduates fall into three main categories:
· Careers using your specialist science knowledge
· Careers where an understanding of science is an advantage
· Careers using your other skills
Those of you who have thoroughly enjoyed studying your major* at the university may like to continue to work in science. Science is a kind of an industry with new doors opening all the time. If you want to find work in a specialized area related to your major, you may find that you need more than a pass degree*. Professional scientists usually have at least an honours degree but more likely a PhD, particularly if working in research areas.
Occupations which would allow you to work with your expertise include:
Research -university academic, environmental researcher, agricultural researcher, marine scientist, biotechnologist, physicist, research scientist, laboratory research technician, etc.
Analysis and investigation - forensic investigator, IT systems analyst, statistician, clinical research associate in pharmaceutical industry, nutritionist and/or dietitian, analytical chemist, geophysical technician, etc.
Consultancy - environmental information consultant, agricultural consultant, IT
consultant, IT systems developer, information services officer, geoscientist, etc.
Quality control - environmental health officer, resource manager, toxicology consultant, water treatment consultant, quality assurance officer, etc.
Product and process development - pharmacologist, industrial chemist, product designer, etc.
Scientists are found in such industries as biotechnology, telecommunications, IT, electronic-design-automation as well as in academic institutions, hospitals, pharmaceutical and utility companies and research organizations.
The industry you choose will have an effect on the type of work you do. Many industries require the application of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems such as utilising resources, developing new products or ensuring safe use for humans.
(Abridged from:http://www.careers.usyd.edu.au/students/careeropt/degree_science.shtml)
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major – здесь специализация
pass degree – здесь степень, присуждаемая после сдачи выпускных экзаменов в университете по облегчённой программе
What do you think?
Ø When choosing a career what should a graduate with a science degree take into account?
Ø What are the career opportunities for science students in your country?
Ø Which field/area of science should you choose as your major in order to get the job you like?
Ø Which jobs mentioned in the text would you like to do most? Give reasons for your choice.
Ø What kind of skills do you think are necessary for the job you would like to do most?
| Get real |
| Managing your learning A Curriculum Vitae, commonly referred to as CV (AmE resume) is a written record of your education and the jobs you have done, that you send when you are applying for a job. It is a detailed summary not only of your academic backgrounds but also teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors and other details. |
Search the Internet to find some tips and/or rules on writing a CV. Discuss them as a class and create a Class File on CV writing rules.
| Writing |
1. Write your CV for a job of your choice (say what it is). Use your own details and qualifications and work experience which you hope to get in the future.
2. With the partner exchange your CVs and check out if your CVs follow the rules on CV writing.
| Speaking |
You have come across an advertisement on internship programs and made an appointment for an interview. Now you are at the Personnel Manager office. Talk to the manager.
| You | Manager | |
| Offer to come in. Greet the applicant. Offer to take a sit. | ||
| Return greeting. Introduce yourself. | ||
| Refer to the CV. (ask about the CV.) Check the formal requirements. | ||
| Give all necessary information. | ||
| Say what internship options are available. Ask which the applicant is interested in. | ||
| Say what program you would like to join and why. | ||
| Ask about the applicant’s previous experience, skills, qualities. Explain what you expect from the program participants. | ||
| Answer the questions (describe your qualities, skills, etc.). | ||
| Offer to ask questions. | ||
| Ask about the length of the program, starting date, travel and other expenses, etc. | ||
| Explain all the conditions. Ask if he/she still wants to enroll. | ||
| Make your decision. | ||
| Say good bye. | ||
| Say good bye. |
| In the Realm of Jobs |
We all have certain skills which will be useful to employers. Some of the words listed below are ideal "active words" for you to use when describing yourself in your resume and in the job application process. For each skill on these lists, state whether you:
· have that skill already (put a V)
· don't have it yet but have the potential to develop it (put a?)
· will never have that skill (put a X)
| People Skills guiding listening to negotiating with instructing supervising understanding persuading speaking to serving helping encouraging leading motivating disciplining organizing directing evaluating coaching/teaching | Word Skills coordinating processing organising classifying copying typing proof reading editing composing communicating writing reading imagining researching compiling comparing | Figure Skills counting calculating timing recording compiling comparing correcting analysing graphing problem solving planning | Skills with Things driving operating installing making repairing adjusting producing changing adapting creating classifying using improving collecting selling growing |
Unit 2. Progress Monitoring
In this Unit you have worked on the vocabulary related to the topic “Jobs and Career Options”:
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise. |
Unit 3 Revise & Practise
1. Explain the difference between these pairs.
job career
industry academia
perks bonuses
manual work paper work
job experience job skills
challenging rewarding
dream job holiday job
2. Within a minute complete the word web for the noun job.
| JOB |
| well-paid |
3. Write down a short vocabulary list (10 items) on the topic “Job” and compare your lists with the partner. Cross out the items you have on both lists and explain the meaning of the rest of the words and phrases.
4. Read these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.
Ø “If a man does only what is required of him, he is a slave. If a man does more than is required of him, he is a free man.” Chinese Proverb
Ø “Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work.” Aristotel
Ø “No problem is insurmountable. With a little courage, teamwork and determination a person can overcome anything.” B. Dodge
Ø “Striving for success without hard work is like trying to harvest where you haven't planted.” David Bly
5. Game: Guess the job
Work in teams. One of you should think about a job in your subject area and the others in the group must try to guess what the job is by asking “Yes” and “No” questions about it. Make sure everyone asks the same number of questions.
Example: In your job…
Do you work…
| Do you have to be …
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| Do you have to … · have special qualifications? · work under supervision? · wear a uniform? · etc. | Do you … · work on your own? · use any kind of tool? · instruct other people? · etc. |
| Speaking |
Roleplay
Your friend has just applied for one of the part-time/holiday jobs from the ads you have read in Unit 1. Talk to him/her and find out about the job:
· responsibilities and hours
· skills and personal qualities required
· salary and benefits/perks
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| Unit 2 On the Job | | | Progress Test |