I. Principles of Nonverbal Communication

A. Nonverbal communication is the intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through an individual’s nonspoken physical and behavioral cues.

B. Nonverbal communication uses multiple channels, such as auditory, visual or tactile.

C. Nonverbal communication is more ambiguous: we can interpret it in many ways;

D. Nonverbal communication has fewer rules;

E. Nonverbal communication has more meaning;

F. Nonverbal communication is influenced by culture;

DISCUSSION STARTER 1: When you receive mixed messages from someone, which do you put more faith in, the verbal or the nonverbal communication? Why? Is it ethical to deliberately send mixed messages to someone during an interpersonal encounter?

H. Nonverbal communication is influenced by gender;

DISCUSSION STARTER 2: Do the women you know read others’ nonverbal communication more accurately than men? Do they smile more? Hold their gaze longer? Are men more territorial than women in their use of space?

I. Nonverbal communication is liberated in technology;

J. Nonverbal and verbal communication get combined to create the communication process

II. Nonverbal Communication Codes:

1. Kinesics: visible body movements, including facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body postures;
2. Vocalics: vocal characteristics such as loudness, pitch, speech rate, and tone
3. Haptics: duration, placement, and strength of touch
4. Proxemics: use of physical distance
5. Chronemics: organization and use of time
6. Physical appearance: appearance of hair, clothing, body type, and other physical features
7. Artifacts: personal possessions displayed to others
8. Environment: structure of physical surroundings

III. Nonverbal behavior classification according to Bill Ausmus and Joseph DeVito

(Michael’s Sound Bite 7-1): kinesics (includes appearance); vocalics, haptics, proxemics, chronemics, objectics (which includes artifacts and environment), and more importantly, two more types of behavior: oculesics (eye behavior, classed separately) and olfactorics (smell).

IV. Kinesics

1. Paul Ekman, Wallace Friesen: Kinesics is one of the richest forms of nonverbal behavior that includes, according to McCornack, visible body movements, including facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body postures.
   
   
2. Facial expression is perceived visually, and therefore is quite dependent on the angle and the view. Several observations are due: (a) we attend to specific movements of parts of the face; (b) angle is important.
   
   
3. Cultural influences on facial expression are tremendous (Michael’s Sound Bite 7-2): (a) emotions are not universally encouraged; (b) what your face must say is dictated by the situation; (c) although nonverbal cues of insincerity are being picked up, they are mostly ignored; (d) according to Bill Ausmus, the electronic age has brought lower sensitivity to nonverbal behaviors.

1. Eye contact (classed separately as oculesics by Stewart: (a) expresses emotion; (b) regulates conversation; (c) signals attention.
   
   
2. Additional oculesic functions according to Michael Argyle, are (Michael’s Sound Bite 7-3): (a) to provide feedback; (b) to indicate attitude; (c) to win trust or check trust; (d) to convince of being truthful.

1. Gestures: classed as (a) emblems (meaning words); (b) illustrators (illustrating verbal messages); (c) regulators (gestures regulating conversation); (d) adaptors (touching gestures of psychological or physical purpose).
   
   
2. John Stewart adds affect displays as gestures of emotion into the list (Michael’s Sound Bite 7-4).

1. Posture: (a) straightness, (b) body lean, (c) straightness of shoulders, and (d) head position. Posture communicates immediacy (how interesting you find your interlocutor) and power (how much influence you have over people or events).
   
   
2. According to Joseph DeVito (Michael’s Sound Bite 7-5): Anthropomorphic characteristics (height, weight, skin color, etc.) have also been listed as parts of kinesics by some scholars. These are culturally conditioned.

V. Vocalics

1. Vocalics are vocal characteristics we use to communicate nonverbal messages (George L. Trager): (a) loudness (by saying a word more loudly, we stress the meaning); (b) pitch (high or low voice); (c) rate (fast or slow); (d) tone (resonance and breathiness).
   
   
2. John Stewart adds more (Michael’s Sound Bite 7-6): (a) intonation; (b) pronunciation, (c) articulation, (d) quality (distinguishing characteristics of your very own voice).

DISCUSSION STARTER 3: Is there anyone you know whose voice you find funny, strange, or irritating? What is it about this person’s voice that fosters your negative impression? Is it ethical to judge someone solely from his or her voice? Why or why not?

Дата добавления: 2015-10-30