The main reasons of soil loss, including reduction of its fertility, are wind and water (including both abiotic and anthropogenic origin).

A

A community includes: all the population in the area

A population with rapid growth includes the following age groups: 2 (re-productive and pero-productive)

A position of an organism defined by its role in a biological community: niche

A sigmoidal growth curve is a typical of a population: carrying capacity and emir desistence

A sigmoidal growth curve is a typical of a population: that occurs after its lag and exp. phases

A sigmoidal growth curve is a typical of a population: that occurs after its lag and exp. phases

A special protected territory that is completely removed from economical use is called: zapovednik

A special protected territory that is completely removed from economical use is called: reserve (natural park)

A volcanic eruption is an example of: independent

A volcanic eruption is an example of: secondary succession

Abiotic factor in an ecosystem can include: non-living components

According to number pyramids a quantity of organisms at a higher trophic level: is less that at the lower one

According to number pyramids a quantity of organisms at a higher trophic level: less (меньше)

Acid rain is harmful because it can: kill trees, fish and other wildlife, can change soil, water

Acid rain is harmful because it can: metals (Al à Al3+)

Acid rain is: a product of modern atmospheric pollution – secondary pollutant

Alternative sources of energy include: solar power, the wind, waves hot rous

Amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next one is: 10%

An interaction between two species in which species benefit is: mutualism

Anthropogenic sources of pollution are: human

Anthropogenic sources of pollution are: industrial or agricultural

Autecology- is a section of ecology that studies an effect of environment factors to: individual groups

Autotrophic organisms are: uses energy (such as light) to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic (photosynthesis)

Biological diversity does not include: Also included in this concep1 of BD - is the genetic diversity within each species and the complexity of the ecological community in which species are a part.

Biological magnification is the process of: accumulation of a chemical which concentrate increases along food chain

Biotic factor in an ecosystem can include: living components

Carrying capacity of a population does not include: (Logistic or Sigmoidal) shows that population growth levels off after the exponential phase. The top of this curve indicates the carrying capacity of an ecosystem.(obratnoe etomu)

Carrying capacity of a population does not include: increase or decrease

Competition, predation and symbiosis are all types of: biotic relations

Consumers that obtain their nutrients by eating producers are: Herbivores

Consumers that obtain their nutrients by eating specifically other consumers are called: carnivores

Consumers that, such as humans, that obtain their nutrients by eating both producers other consumers are called: omnivores

D

Define the Kazakhstan national park among the follow list: Altyn Emel, Ile-Alatau, Bayan Aul, Karkaraly, Kokshetau, Burabay, Katon-Karagay, Charynsky

Define the Kazakhstan reserve among the follow list: Almatinsky, Alakolsky, Aksu Jabagly, Barsa Kelmes, Kurgaldzhinsky, Markakol, West Altaisky, Nauruzum, Usturtsky, Karatausky

Define the right order of components in the tropic chain: tree- hare(заяц) -fox

Demecology- is a section of ecology that studies: population

Distribution of gas concentration in the atmosphere in descending order is: azon, argon, oxygen

Distribution of gas concentration in the atmosphere in descending order is: nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (1%), CO2 (≤ 0,04)

Dynamic characteristic of population are: population growth and population growth rate

E

Ecological factor that limits viability of organism is: limiting or critical factor

Ecological footprint (of a country or each person) is: the average amount of productive land and ocean needed to supply with food, energy, water, housing, transportation and waste disposal

Ecological law “Nature knows better” was proposed by: Commoner

Ecology is the science that studies: relationships between organisms and their environment

Ecosystem is: life+nonlife (yes+no)

Ecosystem is: unit includes all the interacting parts in an area

Environment is: the set of conditions experienced by an organism

Environment that is changed by people is: noosphere

Erosion is the loss of soil that results from: abiotic factors, wind water

Erosion is the loss of soil that results from: Erosion - is an important natural process, resulting in the redistribution of the products of geologic weathering, and is part of both soil formation and soil loss.

Eutrophication of water is accompanied with: nutrients (soil erosion, fertilizes)

Eutrophication of water is accompanied with: propagation of algal

Example of interspecific competition is relationship between: members of different species (методом искл)

External cost is: a harmful environmental or social cost that is borne by people not directly involved in buying or selling a product

Eyrobions are organisms with: large range tolerance to an ecological factor

F

Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are: teratogens

Factors that damage genetic material of organism are: mutagens

Factors that damage genetic material of organism are: mutagens

Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are: teratogens

H

Herbicides are chemicals that can control population growth of undesirable: plants

Herbicides are chemicals that can control population growth of undesirable: herbs, plants

Heterotrophic organisms are: can’t make its own food, uses ready food

Homeothermic organisms are: with constant temperature not depending on environmental temperature

I

Industries can help to mitigate problems with water supply by: “closed sys”

Industries can help to mitigate problems with water supply by: “closed sys”

L

Land area of the Earth occupied by the forests (including tropical, moderate, boreal) is: 25%

Land area of the Earth occupied by the rain forest is: 5-7%

Loss of ozone has serious effects in people because ultra-violet radiation can cause: cancer

N

Nitrogen in the atmosphere is captured by: plants

Nonrenewable resources include: fossil fuel, freshwater, minerals

Noosphere- is an evolutionary step of biosphere that: transformed by people activity

Numbers of plants and animal species included in Red Data Book of Kazakhstan are: 404 pl, 309 anim.

O

Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called: biodegradable pollutants

Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called biodegradable

Organisms that use ready food are called: heterotroph(producers)

P

Percentage of Kazakhstan land surface that is undergone to desertification: 70%

Percentage of Kazakhstan land surface that is undergone to desertification: 60-65%

Plants in an ecosystem play the following role: affect the distribution of animals

Poikilothermic are organisms with: body temperature depending on environmental temperature

Population growth is exponential when: Population growth is slowly during the early phase

Population growth rate is: the change in number of individuals in a population over time

Primary body that is responsible for nature conversation in Kazakhstan is: Ministry of Environment Protection

Primary productivity is the energy contained in what tropic level: producer’s level

R

Regularity that suggests that each environmental factor has that limits of its positive influence on the organism is: law of tolerance limits

Regularity that suggests that organism growth is limited by the resource in the shortest supply is: law the minimum

Renewable resources include: forests, wildlife, soil

S

Scientists predict that global average temperature will rise by 2050 and by 2100 to: 1 & 3

Species that are localized and may have just one population that inhabit only a small area are called: endemics

Statistic characteristic of population are: population number, population density, population demographic structure

Stenobions are organisms with: narrow range tolerance to an ecological factor

Structure and functions of biosphere is studied by: Global ecology

Succession is the process: communities

Succession is the process: of gradual, sequent replacement of communities

Sustainable use of natural resources means that they should be:- used at a rate at which they can be replenished. - control for status of environment and monitoring of it, control for nature managers; - sustainable use, reproduction and protection of natural resources; transition - to the resources saving technologies.

Sustainable use of natural resources means that they should be: future generations

Synecology- is a section of ecology that studies: community

T

The area of the earth occupied with living things is called: biosphere

The author of the study about biosphere is: Vernadsky

The basic current document about environment safety of Kazakhstan is: “On protection reproduction and use of fauna”

The basic current document about environment safety of Kazakhstan is: concept of ecological security…

The basic international document about greenhouse gases control is: Kyoto protocol (1997)

The basic international document about ozone layer safety is: Montreal Protocol (1987)

The basic international document about persistent organic pollutants control is: Stockholm convention

The basic international document about wildlife protection is: Convention of BD (1992)

The basic nature protection law of Kazakhstan is: The constitution

The basic nature protection law of Kazakhstan is: ecological code

The chemical compounds that can cause acid rain are: SO2, NO4

The Earth biomes are primarily controlled by: t &precipitations

The global human population grew very slowly until: ecology factor

The global human population grew very slowly until: industrial revolution

The global warming is primary caused by: the green house effect

The greenhouse gases are the following: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, troposphere ozone, and water vapor

The greenhouse gases are the following: N2, O2, Argon,CO2

The heights of troposphere and stratosphere above earth are: 15 to 55 km

The largest landscape zone in Kazakhstan is: desert

The main air pollutants in Kazakhstan are: ammonia, dust, phenol, formaldehyde, lead

The main anthropogenic cause of desertification is: deforestation, mining, trying marshes use of fertilizer

The main characteristic of biomass pyramids of freshwater or marine is that: can be inverted

The main characteristics of biomass pyramids of freshwater or marine is that: inverted

The main reason of Aral Sea catastrophe is: irrigation

The main reason of Aral sea catastrophe is: the salt concentration

The main reason of photochemical smog: burning coal

The main reason of photochemical smog: temperature insertion

The main reasons of soil loss, including reduction of its fertility, are wind and water (including both abiotic and anthropogenic origin).

The main source of water pollution: release pollutants as effluent

The major component of photochemical smog is: troposphere ozone

The major producers found in aquatic ecosystem are: phytoplankton

The most polluted river in Kazakhstan is: Irtysh

The natural reason of desertification is: wind or water, erosion, disasters, solonisation antity

The organic part of the soil that helps it to retain its moisture and nutrients is: humus

The percentage of the earth water supply that is available to life of land organisms: less 1-0.07

The percentage of the earth water supply that is available to life of land organisms: 0,01%, less than 1 %

The pH of acid rain is below: 5

The physical area in which an organism lives its: Habitat

The primary cause of species extinction: deforestation

The primary reason of acid rain is: industry, dectricity

The renewal rate of rivers is: 12-17 days

The term “Biosphere” was introduced by :Zuss

The term “ecology” was introduced by: Heckel(1866)

The term “Ecosystem” was introduced by: Tansley (1935)

The term “Noosphere” was introduced by: Le Roi

The term “Sustainable development” used refer to ecology was first introduced at: Rio-93

The term “Sustainable development” used refers to ecology was first introduced at: Rio-92

The wolf and the fox are on the same trophic level because both animals: тип питания

The wolf and the fox are on the same trophic level because both animals: are carnivores

The world amount of fresh water is: 3%

To prevent or reduce waste it should be done: 4 Rs, less fossil fuels, non-over packing goods.

To stop ozone layer depletion it should be done: replacements, recycling, CFCs checks, and surveys

Tolerance limits: min& max levels (beyond which a particular species cannot survive)

Two species that occupy very similar niche are likely to be: competitors

Type of biotic relationship when one species benefits and other one has neither harm nor profit is: commensalisms

X

Xerophytes are organisms: that are adapted to drought and environmental water shortage

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