The speaking module

Передмова

Метою “Методичних вказiвок” є формування впродовж 72 годин аудиторних занять у

студентів (вхідний рівень володіння мовою – В1) вмінь та навичок читання, письма та

говоріння за тематикою спеціальності на ІІ курсі навчання в

Інституті енергетики та комп’ютерно-інтегрованих систем управління (вихідний рівень володіння мовою – В2). За рахунок тренування і виконання читання текстів і комунікативних завдань студенти зможуть досягти практичного володіння англійською мовою за фахом.

Практичне володіння іноземною мовою в рамках даного курсу припускає наявність таких умінь в різних видах мовної комунікації, які дають можливість:

• вільно читати оригінальну літературу іноземною мовою у відповідній галузі знань;
• оформляти витягнуту з іноземних джерел інформацію у вигляді перекладу або резюме;
• робити повідомлення і доповіді іноземною мовою на теми, пов'язані з науковою роботою майбутнього фахівця;
• вести бесіду за фахом.

Кожний урок складається з тексту й комплекса мовних вправ, які розраховані на удосконалення навичок активізації словарного і граматичного мінімуму професійного спрямування.

“Методичні вказiвки” забезпечують підготовку до міжнародного усного і письмового спілкування англійською мовою для спеціальних цілей, а саме оволодіння лексичними, граматичними і стилістичними навичками, а також умінням розмовляти, читати, переписуватися, перекладати, конспектувати, згортати | і розгортати усну і письмову англомовну інформацію наукового функціонального стилю, що передбачено вимогами Програми вивчення іноземних мов у нефілологічному ВУЗі.

Lesson 1

THE READING MODULE

Read the text: Thermal electric power plants.

A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some thermal power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district heating, or for desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A large part of human CO₂ emissions comes from fossil fueled thermal power plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread.

Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Power plants burning coal, fuel oil, or natural gas are often called fossil-fuel power plants. Some biomass-fueled thermal power plants have appeared also. Non-nuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not use co-generation are sometimes referred to as conventional powerplants.

Commercial electric utility power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for continuous operation. Electric power plants typically use three-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Large companies or institutions may have their own power plants to supply heating or electricity to their facilities, especially if steam is created anyway for other purposes. Steam-driven power plants have been used in various large ships, but are now usually used in large naval ships. Shipboard power plants usually directly couple the turbine to the ship's propellers through gearboxes. Power plants in such ships also provide steam to smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity. Shipboard steam power plants can be either fossil fuel or nuclear. Nuclear marine propulsion is, with few exceptions, used only in naval vessels. There have been perhaps about a dozen turbo-electric ships in which a steam-driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an electric motor for propulsion.

Combined heat and power (CH&P) plants, often called co-generation plants, produce both electric power and heat for process heat or space heating. Steam and hot water lose energy when piped over substantial distance, so carrying heat energy by steam or hot water is often only worthwhile within a local area, such as a ship, industrial plant, or district heating of nearby buildings.

Reciprocating steam engines have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. The very first commercial central electrical generating stations in the Pearl Street Station, New York and the Holborn Viaduct power station, London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam engines. The development of the steam turbine allowed larger and more efficient central generating stations to be built. By 1892 it was considered as an alternative to reciprocating engines. Turbines offered higher speeds, more compact machinery, and stable speed regulation allowing for parallel synchronous operation of generators on a common bus. Turbines entirely replaced reciprocating engines in large central stations after about 1905. The largest reciprocating engine-generator sets ever built were completed in 1901 for the Manhattan Elevated Railway. Each of seventeen units weighed about 500 tons and was rated 6000 kilowatts; a contemporary turbine-set of similar rating would have weighed about 20% as much..

The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered as salable energy as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33% to 48%. This efficiency is limited as all heat engines are governed by the laws of thermodynamics. The rest of the energy must leave the plant in the form of heat. This waste heat can go through a condenser and be disposed of with cooling water or in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead utilized for district heating, it is called co-generation. An important class of thermal power station is associated with desalination facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas and in these plants, freshwater production and electricity are equally important co-products.

The Carnot efficiency dictates that higher efficiencies can be attained by increasing the temperature of the steam. Sub-critical fossil fuel power plants can achieve 36–40% efficiency. Super critical designs have efficiencies in the low to mid 40% range, with new "ultra critical" designs using pressures of 4400 psi and multiple stage reheat reaching about 48% efficiency. Above the critical point for water of 705 °F (374 °C) and 3212 psi, there is no phase transition from water to steam, but only a gradual decrease in density.

After text activity

Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

prime mover, steam driven, recycle, Rankine cycle, facilities, district heating, waste incineration, waste heat, overall efficiency, power plant, fossil-fuel power plants, co-generation, conventional power plant, commercial electric utility power stations, alternating current (AC), steam-driven power plants, naval ship, shipboard power plants, couple, ship's propellers, gearbox, nuclear marine propulsion, co-generation plants, nearby buildings, reciprocating steam engines

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) What is a thermal power station?

2) What do some thermal power plants also deliver heat energy for?

3) How arepower plants burning coal, fuel oil, or natural gas often called?

4) What kind of electrical generators do electric power plants typically use?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. Water is heated, turns into steam and	a) due to the different fuel sources.
2. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is	b) spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator.
3 Natural gas is frequently combusted	c) are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for continuous operation.
4. Commercial electric utility power stations	d) in gas turbines as well as boilers.

Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the right words:

Electric power plants typically (use/utilize) three-phase electrical generators to produce (alternating current (AC)/ direct current (DC)) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Large companies or institutions may have their own power plants (to supply/ to provide) heating or electricity to their facilities, especially if steam is (created/ originated) anyway for other purposes.

THE SPEAKING MODULE

Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Learn the definitions: power station; steam turbine; generator; alternating current; fossil-fuel

Power station - (also referred to as a generating station, power plant, or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.  

Steam turbine -a turbine driven by steam.  

generator - an apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed from a liquid or solid by means of heat or chemical process, as a steam boiler, gas retort, or vessel for generating carbonic acid gas, etc.  

Alternating current -an electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals.      

Fossil-fuel - any naturally occurring carbon or hydrocarbon fuel, such as coal, petroleum, peat, and natural gas, formed by the decomposition of prehistoric organisms.  

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1) Question: ___________________________________________?

Answer:Steam-driven power plants have been used in various large ships, but now are usually used in large naval ships.

2) Question: ___________________________________________?

Answer: Combined heat and power (CH&P) plants, often called co-generation plants, produce both electric power and heat for process heat or space heating.

3) Question: ___________________________________________?

Answer: Turbines entirely replaced reciprocating engines in large central stations after about 1905.

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words:

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