After text activity. Exercise 1.Read and memorize using a dictionary: anaerobic decomposition; volatile materials; nonvolatile materials; methane clathrates; Earth's crust;

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

anaerobic decomposition; volatile materials; nonvolatile materials; methane clathrates; Earth's crust; biogenic theory; the Energy Information Administration; environmental concerns; under way; gigatonnes; radiative forcing; adverse effects; whereby; excess carbon;sediments; ambient air; flue gas; particulate matter;

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) What arefossil fuels?

2) What raises environmental concerns?

3) What will a typical flue gas from the combustion of fossil fuels also contain?

4) What does the burning of fossil fuels produce?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is	a) in hydrocarbon fields.
2. Methane can be found	b) additional man-made (anthropogenic) carbon dioxide to the cycle,
3. The burning of fossil fuels ads	c) to the combustion product gas resulting from the burning of fossil.
4. Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion refers	d) typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.

Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the write words:

Fossil fuels are (non-renewable/ renewable) resources because they (take/accept) millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than (new / old) ones are being made. The production and use of fossil fuels (raise/descend) environmental concerns. A global movement toward the (generation /production) of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy (needs/ necessities).

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Learn the definitions: biosphere, ocean; atmosphere; sediment; Global warming.

Biosphere – an area or region where conditions are suitable for living things to survive, such as the thin layer that surrounds the earth.    

Ocean -the body of salt water covering approximately 70 per cent of the earth's surface.

Atmosphere-the gaseous mass or envelope surrounding a celestial body, especially the one surrounding the earth, and retained by the celestial body's gravitational field.  

Sediment-material that has been deposited from water, ice, or wind.

Global warming -an increase in the earth's atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution.

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1) Question: ______________________________________________?

Answer: The nitrogen oxides are derived from the nitrogen in the ambient air as well as from any nitrogen-containing compounds in the fossil fuel.

2) Question: ______________________________________________?

Answer: The sulfur dioxide is derived from any sulfur-containing compounds in the fuels. 3) Question: ______________________________________________?

Answer: The particulate matter is composed of very small particles of solid materials and very small liquid droplets which give flue gases their smoky appearance.

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: large, furnaces, chemical, fuels, gas.

The steam generators in 1 power plants and the process 2 in large refineries, petrochemical and 3 plants, and incinerators burn very considerable amounts of fossil 4 and therefore emit large amounts of flue 5 to the ambient atmosphere.

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“Fossil fuels”

“The carbon cycle is a natural process”

“Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion”

Lesson 9

Read the text: Fuel and heat generating plants.

Fuels are any materials that store potential energy in forms that can be practicably released and used as heat energy. The concept originally applied solely to those materials storing energy in the form of chemical energy that could be released through combustion, but the concept has since been also applied to other sources of heat energy such as nuclear energy (via nuclear fission or nuclear fusion), as well as releases of chemical energy released through non-combustion oxidation (such as in cellular biology or in fuel cells).

The heat energy released by many fuels is harnessed into mechanical energy via an engine. Other times the heat itself is valued for warmth, cooking, or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that comes with combustion. Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular respiration, where organic molecules are oxidized to release unusable energy. Hydrocarbons are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized.

Fuels are contrasted with other methods of storing potential energy, such as those that directly release electrical energy (such as batteries and capacitors) or mechanical energy (such as flywheels, springs, compressed air, or water in a reservoir). Chemical fuels are substances that release energy by reacting with substances around them, most notably by the process of oxidation.

Chemical fuels are divided in two ways. First, by their physical properties, as a solid, liquid or gas. Secondly, on the basis of their occurrence: primary (natural fuel) and secondary (artificial fuel). Thus, a general classification of chemical fuels is: General types of chemical fuels Primary (natural) Secondary (artificial)

Solid fuels: wood, coal, peat, dung, etc. coke, charcoal.

Liquid fuels: petroleum diesel, gasoline, kerosene, LPG, coal tar, naphtha, ethanol.

Gaseous fuels: natural gas, hydrogen, propane, coal gas, water gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, CNG.

Solid fuel refers to various types of solid material that are used as fuel to produce energy and provide heating, usually released through combustion. Solid fuels include wood, charcoal, peat, coal, Hexamine fuel tablets, and pellets made from wood, corn, wheat, rye and other grains. Solid-fuel rocket technology also uses solid fuel. Solid fuels have been used by humanity for many years to create fire. Coal was the fuel source which enabled the industrial revolution, from firing furnaces, to running steam engines. Wood was also extensively used to run steam locomotives. Both peat and coal are still used in electricity generation today. The use of some solid fuels (e.g. coal) is restricted or prohibited in some urban areas, due to unsafe levels of toxic emissions. The use of other solid fuels such as wood is increasing as heating technology and the availability of good quality fuel improves. In some areas, smokeless coal is often the only solid fuel used. In Ireland, peat briquettes are used as smokeless fuel. They are also used to start a coal fire.

Liquid fuel.

Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their container. It is the fumes of liquid fuels that are flammable instead of the fluid. Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from fossil fuels; however, there are several types, such as hydrogen fuel (for automotive uses), ethanol, and biodiesel, which are also categorized as a liquid fuel. Many liquid fuels play a primary role in transportation and the economy.

Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport, and can be handled with relative ease. Also they are relatively easy to use for all engineering applications, and home use. Liquid fuels are also used most popularly in internal combustion engines. Most liquid fuels used currently are produced from petroleum. The most notable of these is gasoline. Scientists generally accept that petroleum formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

Conventional diesel is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum. Kerosene is used in kerosene lamps and as a fuel for cooking, heating, and small engines. Natural gas, composed chiefly of methane, can be compressed to a liquid and used as a substitute for other traditional liquid fuels. LP gas is a mixture of propane and butane, both of which are easily-compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions. It offers many of the advantages of compressed natural gas (CNG), but is denser than air, does not burn as cleanly, and is much more easily compressed. Commonly used for cooking and space heating, LP gas and compressed propane are seeing increased use in motorized vehicles; propane is the third most commonly used motor fuel globally.

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