C) Answer the following questions.

1. When did the first human beings set foot on the British land? 2. Which tribes were known as Britons? 3. Who was the first of the Briton’s leaders to resist the Roman invaders? 4. What part of Britain is also known as Caledonia? 5. Had the Romans succeeded in conquering Scotland? 6. What made the Romans withdraw their troops from Britain? 7. What was the average life expectancy of Anglo-Saxons and why? 8. How did the Anglo-Saxons punish their criminals? 9. How did Britain become a Christian country and was the impact of Christianity on the culture of Anglo-Saxons? 10. Which part of the British Isles got under the Vikings’ control? 11. Which of the invasions that happened in the history of Britain had the strongest impact on its today’s culture and language?

d) Give a written literary Ukrainian translation of the paragraph starting with “ For how long the windswept … ” up to “ ...intertribal wars were very common ”.

e) Return to the text and fill in the following chart of the invasions that influenced the formation of the British nation and Britain’s languages following the example:

Invaders	Time of invasion	Origin	Impact on culture	Impact on the languages
Iberians	Exact time unknown	North Africa, Iberian peninsular	Left behind them the mound graves made of earth and stone	No signs are presently traced

3. Read the following essay and find out what makes Istanbul a unique city in terms of its:

1) geographical position;

2) cultural heritage;

3) historical perspective.

Istanbul By John Freely   I approach Istanbul today as I did when I first saw the city more than half a lifetime ago; taking a ferry from a suburban village on the Bosporus, the incomparably beautiful strait that
	divides Europe from Asia. On the way, I pass beneath two bridges that link the European and Asian sides of Istanbul, the only city in the world that spans two continents. Between the scimitar-shaped inlet of the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara is the old city of Stamboul, known first as Byzantium and later as Constantinople—after its

celebrated emperor. The chronicler Procopius more than 13 centuries ago described the city, its seven hills today crowned with the monuments of two world empires, as being "surrounded by a garland of waters." As the ferry approaches its berth I can see the former Byzantine cathedral of Hagia Sofia on the First Hill and the Süleymaniye Mosque dominating the Fourth Hill—imposing edifices erected a thousand years apart.

Stepping ashore, I find myself at the epicentre of the entire city's tumultuous life, the quay thronged with shoppers from the Spice Bazaar and the street markets around Yeni Cami (called the New Mosque because it was founded only four centuries ago). Fish sandwiches are sold from boats. Loudspeakers blare the latest songs. Peddlers sell sunglasses on bright summer days and umbrellas when it pours—when stovepipes are hawked we know winter is near.

Midway through the 27th century of its turbulent existence, the city has survived sieges, sacks, conquests, civil wars, riots, plagues, fires, earthquakes, and the modern construction necessitated by a population that's mushroomed from less than a million to more than nine million in 75 years. It has retained its identity through successive changes of name, population, language, religion, and political status, its character and spirit enduring through the centuries as if it had an ageless soul. As the French traveller Petrus Gyllius remarked in the mid-16th century: "It seems to me that while other cities are mortal, this one will endure as long as there are men on Earth." This is my Istanbul.

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