VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 7. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

A claim – заява, to ban – забороняти, a scolarum – науковець, a riot – заколот, повстання, a gown – одяг студентів та викладачів, мантія, medieval – середньовічний, an eminence – велике значення.

II. Listen to the text:

A Brief History of the Oxford University

Oxford is a unique and historic institution. As the oldest English-speaking University in the world, it lays claim to eight centuries of continuous existence. There is no clear date of foundation, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.In 1188, the historian, Gerald of Wales, gave a public reading to the assembled Oxford dons and in 1190 the arrival of Emo of Friesland, the first known overseas student, initiated the University's tradition of international scholarship. By 1201, the University was headed by a magister scolarum Oxonie, on whom the title of Chancellor was conferred in 1214, and in 1231 the masters were recognized as a universities or corporation.In the 13th century, rioting between town and gown (students and townspeople) hastened the establishment of primitive halls of residence. These were succeeded by the first of Oxford's colleges, which began as medieval “halls of residence” or endowed houses under the supervision of a Master. University, Balliol and Merton Colleges, established between 1249 and 1264, were the oldest.Less than a century later, Oxford had achieved eminence above every other seat of learning, and won the praises of popes, kings and sages by virtue of its antiquity, curriculum, doctrine and privileges. In 1355, Edward III paid tribute to the University for its invaluable contribution to learning; he also commented on the services rendered to the state by distinguished Oxford graduates.Oxford early became a centre for lively controversy, with scholars involved in religious and political disputes. John Wyclif, a 14th-century Master of Balliol, campaigned for a bible in the vernacular, against the wishes of the papacy. In 1530, Henry VIII forced the University to accept his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. During the Reformation in the 16th century, the Anglican churchmen Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley were tried for heresy and burnt at the stake in Oxford. The University was Royalist in the Civil War, and Charles I held a counter-Parliament in Convocation House.

In the late 17th century, the Oxford philosopher John Locke, suspected of treason, was forced to flee the country. The 18th century, when Oxford was said to have forsaken port for politics, was also an era of scientific discovery and religious revival.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. The clear date of foundation of Oxford is 1096.

2. The University never had a tradition of international scholarship.

3. A magister scolarum Oxonie was the first person on whom the title of Chancellor was conferred at the beginning of the XII century.

4. The establishment of primitive halls of residence was stimulated by close friendship between students and townspeople.

5. Oxford had achieved eminence above every other seat of learning in the XIV century.

6. The services by distinguished Oxford graduates were of great importance to the state.7. Oxford became a centre for lively controversy, with scholars having their own points of view.8. Henry VIII wanted to be with his wife Catherine of Aragon for the rest of his life.9. The University stood for Royal family in the Civil War.10. The 18th century was an era of scientific discovery and religious revival of Oxford.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What is Oxford?2. When did the teaching process begin at Oxford?3. What event initiated the University's tradition of international scholarship?4. Who was the first Chancellor of Oxford?5. What event caused the establishment of primitive halls of residence of Oxford?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	The 18th century	a	and historic institution.
	Scholars were involved in	b	was an era of scientific discovery and religious revival.
	Oxford had achieved eminence	c	religious and political disputes.
	The first of Oxford's colleges	d	above every other seat of learning.
	Oxford is a unique	e	began as medieval “halls of residence”.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 8. PUBLIC COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

Ι. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

To support - підтримувати, to appropriate - надавати, partially - частково, an endowment - пожертвування, a gift - подарунок, to own - мати, municipal - муніципальний.

II. Listen to the text:

Public Colleges and Universities

A public institution is support­ed by public funds. It's owned and operated by the government, either state or municipal government. The government appropriates large sums of money for the institution's expenses. Yet these sums are nor­mally not sufficient to cover all ex­penses, and so the institution is partially dependent on student fees and on gifts.

The first state university was the University of Virginia, founded in 1819. Some state universities have large endowment funds which pro­vide a substantial portion of their support. Other sources of income are student fees, gifts and endowments.

Forty-one per cent of high school graduates go to college. Students pay tuition to study at public and private universities. Some of them have scholarships to help with the cost of tuition. Even with a scholarship, higher education is very expensive; many families take out loans to pay for their children's college education. The USA now has about 3,331 accredited colleges and universities. They offer such a great variety of requirements for admission and so many different types of programs that foreign visitors usually have some difficulty identifying American colleges and universities with those of their own countries.

Community colleges offer, first, studies leading to technical and semi-professional occupations, and second, studies which prepare students for four-year degree granting institutions. As a result, they enroll students with a wide range of abilities and interests.

Of the nation's nearly 1,900 in­stitutions of higher learning rough­ly one-third are state or city insti­tutions. About 1,200 are privately controlled. Approximately 700 of these are controlled by religious groups. Less than half of these in­stitutions are liberal art colleges and universities which stress the languages, history, science and philosophy. The rest, are profes­sional and technological schools and junior colleges.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. A public institution is supported by public funds.

2. It’s owned and operated only by the government.

3. The government appropriates large sums of money for the institution’s expenses.

4. These suns are normally sufficient to cover all expenses.

5. Public colleges and universities are partially dependent on student fees and gifts.

6. The first state university was founded in 1819.

7. Some state universities have large endowment funds.

8. Other sources of income are students’ fees, gifts and endowments.

9. About 1,200 universities are privately controlled.

10. About 700 of these universities are controlled by religious groups.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What is a public institution supported by?

2. Which sources does the income of a state institution come from?

3. Which was the first state university?

4. How many state institutions are there in the country?

5. How many universities are privately controlled?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	Higher education is very expensive:	a	large endowment funds.
	Students pay tuition to study	b	for the institution's expenses.
	Some state universities have	c	was the University of Virginia.
	The first state university	d	at public and private universities.
	The government appropriates large sums of money	e	many families take out loans to pay for college education.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 9. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN THE USA

Ι. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

To define – визначати, immediately - відразу, to major in - спеціалізуватися в, a grant – стипендія, a dean – декан, a chairman – голова, to cover – охоплювати.

II. Listen to the text:

Colleges and Universities in the USA

A college is generally defined as an institution 0f higher learning which offers a course of instruction over a four-year period, and which grants a bachelor's degree at the conclusion of studies. As part of university, a college graduate is distinguished from the graduate of professional school. However the professional schools in some univer­sities are called colleges.

A college prepares the students for two things: either graduate study leading to master's or doctor's degree or a job immediately after graduation. A student who majors in business administration for example, may be fully prepared for a career in business when he has finished college. On the other hand, a student majoring in psychology often must do a great deal of graduate work before he is competent in this field.

The executive head of a college or a university is usually called the president. The various colleges or schools - which make up a university, are headed by deans. Within a school or college there may be departments - according to subject matter fields, each of which may be headed by a professor who is designated as department head or chairman. Other members of the faculty hold academic ranks, such as instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor. Graduate students who give some part-time service may be designat­ed as graduate assistants or fellows.

Students are classified as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. A freshman is a first year student, a sophomore, a second year student, a junior, a third year student, and a sen­ior, a fourth year student. All students who have graduated from the senior class and who continue studying at a university are classified as advanced students or graduate students. Some graduate students receive grants which cover the cost of their educa­tion; a person on such a fellowship is called a university fellow.

American colleges and universi­ties are either public or private.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. A college offers a course of instruction over a four-year period.

2. Colleges grant a bachelor’s degree at the conclusions of studies.

3. A college prepares the students for a job immediately after graduation.

4. The executive head of a college or a university is usually called the president.

5. The various colleges which make up a university are headed by deans.

6. Students are classified as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors.

7. A sophomore is a third year student.

8. A junior is a fourth year student.

9. A freshman is a first year student.

10. All graduate students receive grants.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. Who usually governs higher educational institutions?

2. Who is the executive head of a college or university?

3. Who governs the departments of a college or a university?

4. How are the students classified?

5. How many years of specialized training are there for getting a degree?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	Students are classified as	a	may be designat­ed as fellows.
	Graduate students who give some part-time service	b	freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors.
	The executive head of a college or a university	c	may be fully prepared for a career in business.
	A student who majors in business administration	d	is distinguished from the graduate of professional school.
	A college graduate	e	is usually called the president.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 10. THE EARLIEST UNIVERSITIES

Ι. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Principal purpose - основна мета, ministry – богослужіння, to remain - залишатися, various – різний, state institution - навчальний заклад, to enrol - вносити до списку.

II. Listen to the text:

The Earliest Universities

The first American college was Harvard, which was founded in 1636 by the graduates of Cambridge University. Later, in 1693, the college of William and Mary was founded. Virginia, with Yale soon following in 1701. By 1776, there were nine colleges in the colonies, including Princeton (New Jersey), Pennsylvania, Columbia (New York), Brown (Rhode Island), Rutgers (New Jersey), and Dartmouth (New Hampshire). These universities are among the most respected in the country today.

Harvard College was estab­lished with the principal purpose of providing a literate min­istry for colonial churches. It was a small institution, enrolling only 20 students in 1642 and 60 in 1660. It soon became more than a theo­logical training school and estab­lished itself as a liberal arts college. The next institution of higher learn­ing established in the American col­onies was the College of William and opened in 1693 at Williams-burg, Virginia.

Other colleges were founded in the next century, but all of them remained small schools for long periods. Student entered at the age of 14 and remained until they were 18, and the curriculum, while rigidly academic and classic was by modern standards rather secondary in nature.

Private colleges and universi­ties were established in various states. In spite of the development of state institutions, private colle­ges and universities are keeping leading position in educational sys­tem of the United States.

The decentralized character of the American educational system is the greatest at the higher education level. This is principally because private higher education in the United States predated public higher education.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. Harvard College was established in 1636.

2. It was established with the principal purpose of providing a literate ministry for colonial churches.

3. It soon established itself as a liberal arts college.

4. It was a small institution with 20 students.

5. The next institution of higher learning established in the American colonies was Princeton.

6. The College of William was opened in 1893.

7. Other colleges were founded in the next century.

8. Students entered the college at the age of 17.

9. Private colleges and universities were established in various states.

10. Private colleges and universities are keeping leading position in educational system of the United States.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. When was Harvard College established?

2. What was its original purpose?

3. Was it a big or small institution?

4. How many students studied at it at first?

5. What was the next institution of higher education established in the American colonies?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	The decentralized character of the American educational system	a	is the greatest at the higher education level.
	Private colleges and universi­ties	b	small schools for long periods.
	Other colleges remained	c	were established in various states.
	Harvard College was estab­lished with the principal purpose	d	founded by the graduates of Cambridge University.
	The first American college was Harvard	e	of providing a literate min­istry for colonial churches.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 11. YALE UNIVERSITY

Ι. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

An ivy – плющ, Divinity – теологія, assets – активи, фонди, an endowment – дар, пожертва, a volume – том.

II. Listen to the text:

Yale University

Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is a member of the Ivy League. Particularly well-known are its undergraduate schools, Yale College, and the Yale Law School, each of which has produced a number of U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state. In 1861, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences became the first U.S. school to award the Ph.D. Also notable is the Yale School of Drama, which has produced many prominent Hollywood and Broadway actors and writers, as well as the art, divinity, forestry and environment, music, medical, management, nursing, and architecture schools, each of which is often cited as among the finest in its field.

The university's assets include a $22.5 billion endowment (the second-largest of any academic institution) and more than a dozen libraries that hold a total of 12.5 million volumes (the second-largest university library system). Yale has 3,300 faculty members, who teach 5,300 undergraduate students and 6,000 graduate students. Yale is organized as a non-profit organization.

Yale's 70 undergraduate majors are primarily focused on a liberal arts curriculum, and few of the undergraduate departments are pre-professional. About 20% of Yale undergraduates major in the sciences, 35% in the social sciences, and 45% in the arts and humanities. All tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.

Yale uses a residential college housing system modeled after those at Oxford and Cambridge. Each of 12 residential colleges houses a representative cross-section of the undergraduate student body and features facilities, seminars, resident faculty, and support personnel.

Yale's graduate programs include those in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences — covering 53 disciplines in the humanities, social sciences, biology, physical sciences, and engineering — and those in the Professional Schools of Architecture, Art, Divinity, Drama, Forestry & Environmental Sciences, Law, Management, Medicine, Music, Nursing, and Public Health.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. Yale University is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.

2. Yale University has produced a number of U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state.

3. Many prominent Hollywood and Broadway actors and writers came from the Yale School of Drama.

4. Yale University libraries make up the second-largest university library system.

5. Yale is organized as a profit-seeking organization.

6. Yale has more than 50 undergraduate majors.

7. Nearly 50 % of Yale undergraduates major in the arts and humanities.

8. There are more than 2,000 undergraduate courses taught in Yale.

9. Residential College housing system is built according to its own housing project.

10. Yale's graduate programs include more than 50 disciplines in the humanities, social sciences, biology, physical sciences, and engineering.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. How old is Yale University?

2. What is the Yale School of Drama famous for?

3. What do the university's assets include?

4. What is special about Yale University libraries?

5. What are Yale's 70 undergraduate majors primarily focused on?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	Yale College has produced	a	has produced many prominent actors.
	Yale's graduate programs include	b	modeled after those at Oxford and Cambridge.
	Yale uses a residential college housing system	c	a number of U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state.
	The Yale School of Drama	d	of the Ivy League.
	Yale is a member	e	those in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

UNIT 2. MASS MEDIA

TEXT 12. THE PRESS

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

To appear – з’являтися, income – доход, advertising – реклама, average – середній, a circulation – тираж, to increase the profitability – збільшити прибуток, to seize – захоплювати.

II. Listen to the text:

The Press

Britain's first newspapers appeared over 300 years ago. Now, as then, newspapers receive no government subsidy, unlike in some other European countries today. Advertising has always been a vital source of income. As long ago as 1669, King Charles II advertised in a newspaper for his lost dog. Today, income from advertising is as crucial as income from sales.

In 1995, for example, £6 million was spent on press advertising, making the press by far the largest advertising medium in Britain.

There are approximately 130 daily and Sunday papers, 1,400 weekly papers and over 6,500 periodical publications. More newspapers, proportionately, are sold in Britain than in almost any other country. On average, two out of three people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper. National newspapers have a circulation of about 13 million on weekdays and 17 million on Sundays, but the readership is twice this figure. At first glance, therefore, the British press seems in good health.

During the 1980s practically every paper was affected by new printing technology. Almost every paper left its historic home in Fleet Street, the centre of the British press for over a century. Some went to new sites in London Docklands, while the others moved elsewhere. New technology increased the prof­itability of the press, and this, in turn, allowed the creation of new newspapers. The most important new paper was The Independent. Established in 1986, it rapidly seized the centre ground vacated by The Times, and The Guardian. However the sustained price war by The Times from 1993 seriously damaged The Independent's sales and by the mid-1990s its future looked uncertain. Circulation of The Times, however, increased from 350,000 in 1993 to 680,000 as a result of what its critics would de­scribe as "predatory" pricing.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. The newspapers receive government subside.

2. Britain’s first newspapers appeared over 300 years ago.

3. Advertising is a vital source of income.

4. Fleet Street has been the centre of the British press for over a century.

5. Today, income from advertising is as crucial as income from sales.

6. London Docklands is new site of the British press.

7. During the 1990’s practically every paper was affected by new printing technology.

8. There are approximately 130 daily and Sunday papers.

9. On overage, two out of three over 15 read a national morning newspapers.

10. The most important newspaper was The Independent.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. When did Britain’s first newspaper appear?

2. What has always been a vital source of income?

3. How many people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper?

4. What circulation do national newspapers have?

5. Why were newspapers affected by new printing technology?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	More newspapers are sold	a	a vital source of income.
	Advertising has always been	b	in Britain than in almost any other country.
	National newspapers have a circulation	c	as crucial as income from sales.
	Newspapers receive no government subsidy,	d	of about 13 million on weekdays and 17 million on Sundays.
	Income from advertising is	e	unlike in some other European countries today.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 13. THE FREEDOM OF PRESS

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

To boast – вихвалятись, security – безпека, defense – оборона, to endanger – наражати на небезпеку, to concern – зосереджувати увагу, issued – виданий, ratify – затверджувати.

II. Listen to the text:

The Freedom of Press

Writing in 1741, the philoso­pher David Hume praised press freedom in Britain with the words: "Nothing is more surprising for a foreigner, than the extreme liber­ty of public communicating which we enjoy in this country". Is such a boast still justified?

The relation­ship between government and the media is not usually simple in any democracy. Governments are concerned with maintaining their own authority. The media must watch the exercise of that authority, and criticize when they feel it is wrongly used.

For over 50 years government has had an arrangement protection of national security in the Defence. Press and Broadcasting Committee agreed that in some circumstances the publication of certain information might endanger national security. In such cases a "D (Defence) Notice" is issued. A D Notice does not quite have the force of law, but no newspa­per editor would ignore a D Notice without incurring major penalties. Over the past 25 years there has been increasing criticism of the apparent abuse of the D Notice system in order to conceal not matters of national security but embarrassing facts.

Many people, however, feel that the press has no rights to publicise personal matters when they have no relevance to the life of the society, and that the victims of inaccurate reporting are entitled to a right of reply. As a result of public anger at the end of the 1980s, most newspapers had to deal with individual complaints.

Beyond each newspaper is a final court of appeal for outraged members of the public. This is the Press Complaints Commission established at the beginning of 1991. The Commission was created to convince the public that press self-regulation can be made to work and to control the worst excesses of the press.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. The philosopher David Hume praised press freedom in Britain.

2. The relationship between government and the media is usually simple in any democracy.

3. Governments are concerned with maintaining their own authority.

4. The media must watch and criticize the exercise of the authority.

5. Sometimes A D Notice is issued.

6. A D Notice has the force of law.

7. Any newspaper editor would ignore A D Notice.

8. Press aims to entertain its readers rather than inform them.

9. The British are one of the biggest newspapers –reading nations in the world.

10. People must know the truth what ever it is.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. Do people often read newspapers in Great Britain?

2. What did the philosopher David Hume say about press freedom in Britain in 1741?

3. Is such a boast still justified?

4. Does the publication of certain information might endanger national security?

5. Must people know the truth whatever it is?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	Beyond each newspaper	a	maintaining their own authority.
	Many people feel that the press has no rights	b	is a final court of appeal for outraged members of the public.
	The media must watch the exercise of authority,	c	is not usually simple in any democracy.
	Governments are concerned with	d	to publicise personal matters.
	The relation­ship between government and the media	e	and criticize when they feel it is wrongly used.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 14. REUTERS

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Formidable – значущий, assurance – гарантія, reliability – достовірність, to avoid – уникати, to edit – редагувати, a broadcaster – трансляційна компанія, to provide – забезпечувати.

II. Listen to the text:

Reuters

In Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. Daily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are larger than daily newspapers. All the Sunday newspapers are national. Most national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion, most of them rightwing, and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their own political beliefs.

Fleet Street in London used to be the home of most national daily and Sunday newspapers and that is why people often say “Fleet Street” to mean “the press” even now.

British newspapers can be divided into two groups: quality and popular. Quality newspapers are more serious and cover home and foreign news while popular newspapers like shocking, personal stories. These two groups of papers can be distinguished easily because the quality newspapers are twice the size of the popular newspapers.

With almost 1,500 staff in 91 countries, no newspaper any­where can compete with Britain's formidable news agency, Reuters. Across the world its name has be­come an assurance of objectivity, accuracy and reliability. Although run from London, Reuters de­liberately avoids any image of being a British institution with English news values. As the day progresses, its world news file is edited from three different cities, switching time zones from Hong Kong to London to New York.

Its reports are filed in French, German, Japanese, Arabic and Spanish, as well as English. Reu­ters also owns Reuters Television (RTV), the largest international television news agency in the world, providing news video to broadcasters in 89 countries.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. Reuters is Britain’s most formidable news agency?

2. Reuters has their staff in 21 countries.

3. Across the world its name has become an assurance of objectivity, accuracy and reliability.

4. The staff of Reuters is 1,500.

5. Reuters is British institution with English new values.

6. Its reports are filed in English, German and French.

7. Its world news file is edited from six different cities.

8. Reuters also owns Reuters Television is the largest international television news agency in the world.

9. Reuters also owns Reuters Television (RTV).

10. It provides news video to broadcasters only in Europe.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What is Britain’s most formidable news agency?

2. What is the staff of Reuters?

3. Now many countries does Reuters have their staff in?

4. What three different cities is its world news file edited from?

5. What language are its reports filed?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	Reuters Television is the largest	a	quality and popular.
	Quality newspapers are serious and cover home and foreign news	b	are published on every day of the week except Sunday.
	British newspapers can be divided into two groups:	c	international television news agency in the world.
	Most national newspapers in Britain	d	while popular newspapers like shocking, personal stories.
	Daily newspapers	e	express a political opinion.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 15. BBC

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

To invent – винаходити, entertainment – розваги, reduced – незначний, local – місцевий, aggrieved – ображений, in spite of – всупереч.

II. Listen to the text:

BBC

In 1936 the government estab­lished the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) to provide a public service in radio. It also be­gan broadcasting that year on the recently invented television. At first solely through its agency, tel­evision and radio changed the en­tertainment habits and the culture of the nation. In 1955, however, the establishment of independent and commercial television and ra­dio removed the BBC's broadcast­ing monopoly.

In spite of its much reduced evening audience, BBC radio still provides an important service. Its five radio stations (BBC Radio 1-5) provide:

(1) non-stop pop music; (2) light entertainment, (3) minority interests, e.g. classical music, arts programmes and academic material (some for Open University courses); (4) news and comma and discussion programmes; (5) sport. The BBC additionally runs 38 local radio stations, providing material of local interest.

Commercial radio offers three nationwide services Classic FM, which broadcasts mainly classical music; Virgin 1215, broadcasting popular music and Talk Radio UK, a speech-based service.

In addition there are 180 inde­pendent local radio stations which provide news, information, music and other entertainment, coverage of local events, sports commentary, chat shows and 'phone-in' programmes. The latter provide an im­portant counselling service to isolat­ed, aggrieved or perplexed people.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. In 1936 the government established Broadcasting Corporation.

2. BBC provides a public service in radio.

3. In 1936 BBC began Broadcasting on television.

4. BBC changed the entertainment habits and culture of the nations.

5. BBC provides an important service now.

6. BBC runs local radio stations, providing material of local interest.

7. BBC has seven radio stations.

8. There are 180 independent local radios.

9. Commercial radio offers three nationwide services.

10. BBC is popular among people of Ukraine.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. When was British Broadcasting Corporation established?

2. Why did the government establish BBC?

3. What sort of programmes do five radio stations of British Broadcasting Corporation provide?

4. How many independent local radio stations are there in Britain?

5. What sort of programmes do they provide?

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