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LISTENING
FOR LAW STUDENTS
Навчальний посібник
Ірпінь - 2008
Затверджено Вченою радою Національного університету ДПС України
Рецензенти:
Хомич Л. О., доктор педагогічних наук, професор(Інститут педагогічної освіти і освіти дорослих АПН України).
Оржеховська В. М., доктор педагогічних наук, професор (Інститут проблем виховання АПН України).
Онучак Л. В., кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент (Національний університет державної податкової служби України).
Поліщук О.В., Дьома Н.С., Котович Я.І.
Listening for Law Students: Навчальний посібник. – Ірпінь: Національний університет ДПС України, 2008. – 212 с.
Посібник укладено відповідно до навчальної програми з іноземної мови фахового спрямування для студентів у галузі підготовки “Право”. Тексти для аудіювання базуються на оригінальному матеріалі, що знайомить студентів з основними положеннями української, британської та американської правової системи, судочинства та міжнародного права.
Мета посібника - збагатити словниковий запас професійного спілкування, удосконалити комунікативні навички та вміння, сприяти розвитку професійного мислення та формуванню особистості у правовій сфері. Запропоновані тексти супроводжуються завданнями для контролю розуміння. Видання містить базовий лексичний мінімум.
Для студентів юридичних спеціальностей вищих закладів освіти усіх форм навчання.
Поліщук О.В., Дьома Н.С., Котович Я.І., 2008
Національний університет
ДПС України
CONTENTS
Передмова……………………………………………………………….…..….….6
UNIT 1. EDUCATION IN UKRAINE, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE USA
Text 1. Educational System in Ukraine……………………………………………8
Text 2. Secondary Education in Great Britain………………………………….....11
Text 3. Schools in Great Britain………………………………………………..…14
Text 4. Higher Education in Great Britain………………………………………..16
Text 5. Universities in Great Britain………………………………………….…19
Text 6. Cambridge…………………………………………………….……….….21
Text 7. A Brief History of the Oxford University…………….………………..…24
Text 8. Public Colleges and Universities……………………………………….…27
Text 9. Colleges and Universities in the USA………………………………….…29
Text 10. The Earliest Universities………………………………………………...31
Text 11. Yale University……………………………………………………….…34
UNIT 2. MASS MEDIA
Text 12. The Press………………………………………………………………..37
Text 13. The Freedom of Press…………………………………………………...39
Text 14. Reuters…………………………………………………………………..42
Text 15. BBC………………………………………………………………….….44
UNIT 3. UKRAINE. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE
Text 16. Ukraine……………………………………………………………….…46
Text 17. Political Structure of Ukraine………………………………………..….49
Text 18. Political System of Ukraine…………………………………………..…52
Text 19. Basic Laws of Ukraine……………………………………………….….54
Text 20. The Constitution of Ukraine………………………………………..……57
Text 21. National Symbols………………………………………………….….…60
Text 22. We are Ukrainians………………………………………………….……62
Text 23. Culture of Ukraine…………………………………………………...….64
Text 24. Yaroslav the Wise…………………………………………….…………67
UNIT 4. GREAT BRITAIN. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN
Text 25. The United Kingdom……………………………………….……..…..…69
Text 26. How did the British Law Develop?...........................................................72
Text 27. The Magna Carta..…………………….…………………………………74
Text 28. Legislature in Great Britain…………………………….…..……………77
Text 29. Parliament of Great Britain…..………………………….………………79
Text 30. The Powers of the British Parliament……………..………….…………82
Text 31. The Political Party System………………………………………………85
Text 32. British Cabinet……………………………………….………………..…87
Text 33. Winston Churchill………………………………………….……………90
Text 34. Elections in Great Britain………………………………………..………93
Text 35. Local Government in Great Britain……………………….………..…96
Text 36. The Judiciary in Great Britain…………………………………………99
Text 37. The Queen's Bench Division…………………………………………...101
Text 38. Her Majesty's Courts Service………..…………………….…………...104
Text 39. The Sentence of a Court in Britain………………..……………………107
Text 40. Monarchy………………………………………………………………109
Text 41. History of British Monarchy..………………………….………………112
Text 42. The Royal Family……………………………………..……………..…115
Text 43. Princess Diana………………………………………..………….…..…117
Text 44. Golden Age of England……………………………………………...…120
Text 45. Britain in the 20th Century..…………….……………..…………123
Text 46. The Origins of English…………………………….……………….…..125
Text 47. The Great Fire of London, 1666…………………………………… …128
UNIT 5. THE USA. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE USAText 48. Constitution of the USA and the Bill of Rights………………….…….131
Text 49. United States Senate………………………………………………....…134
Text 50. The US Congress at Work…………………………………………...…137
Text 51. How an American President Is Chosen……………………………..….139
Text 52. The Judicial System of the USA…………………………………….…142
Text 53. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the US…………………….144
UNIT 6. CONCEPT OF LAW. CLASSIFICATION OF LAWText 54. What is Law?..........................................................................................147
Text 55. The State and Law………………………………………………..……149
Text 56. Why do We Have Law and State?..........................................................151
Text 57. Classification of Law……………………………………………..……154
Text 58. Business Law……………………………………………………..……156
Text 59. The Law of Contracts……………………………………………..……158
Text 60. The Law of Property……………………………………………….…..160
Text 61. Mobility between Nations………………………………………….…..163
Text 62. Classification of International Law………………………………….…165
Text 63. Human Rights and Ukraine………………………………………….…168
Text 64. What is NATO?......................................................................................171
Text 65. History of the UN………………………………………………………173
Text 66. The United Nations…………………………………..…………….…176
Text 67. The International Criminal Court…………………….………….……179
Text 68. The International Court of Justice……………………….……….……181
Text 69. The UN Principal Judicial Body…………………………….…………184
Text 70. The European Court of Human Rights…………………………………...187
UNIT 7. CRIMINAL LAW. LAW-ENFORCEMENT BODIESText 71. How is the Law Enforced?..................................................................189
Text 72. Scotland Yard………………………………………………….………192
Text 73. Lawyers at Work……………………………………………………..195
Text 74. Murder…………………………………………………………………197
UNIT 8. FINANCIAL LAW. TAXES AND TAXATION
Text 75. Banks………………………………………………………………..…200
Text 76. Money……………………………………………………………….…202
Text 77. Pricing……………………………………………………………….…205
Text 78. Taxes in Ukraine……………………………………………………….207
Reference List………………………………………………………….……..…211
ПЕРЕДМОВА
Навчальний посібник для аудіювання “Listening for Law Students” призначений для студентів галузі підготовки “Право”, які мають базові знання з англійської граматики, фаховий словниковий запас, володіють вміннями та навичками вести бесіди на суспільно-політичні теми.
Аудіювання виступає у навчальному процесі важливим засобом мовленнєвої практики та одним з основних джерел мовних знань. Воно є не лише засобом оволодіння іншомовним матеріалом, але й джерелом лінгвокраїнознавчих знань, яке відображає національно-культурний компонент мовного матеріалу. Таким чином, оригінальні тексти для аудіювання допомагають формувати у студентів лінгвокраїнознавчу компетенцію, цілісну систему уявлень про основні національні традиції, звичаї та реалії країн, мова яких вивчається. Включення до посібника країнознавчих текстів допоможе забезпечити засвоєння студентами реалій іншої національної культури, розширення їхнього загального кругозору, підвищити інтерес до іноземної мови і досягнути повноцінної комунікації.
Метою навчального посібника є формування умінь аудіювання, збагачення фахового словникового запасу, вдосконалення навичок монологічного мовлення на суспільно-політичні теми, розвиток аналітичного мислення, формування соціально-комінікативної позиції спеціаліста-правознавця.
Фахові тексти посібника актуальні, містять сучасну корисну інформацію про правові системи України, Великої Британії та США, історію їх становлення та функціонування, основи знань про судоустрій, різні галузі права, систему оподаткування. До посібника також входять тексти загальноосвітньої тематики (освітні системи України, Великої Британії, США, засоби масової інформації). Розділи про державний устрій включають тексти про законодавчі, виконавчі та судові органи кожної держави, історію виникнення та функціонування права, особливості державотворення.
Посібник складається з 8 розділів, що відповідають навчальній програмі та відображають професійну спрямованість фахівців податкової служби:
1. Освіта в Україні, Великій Британії, США (Education In Ukraine, Great Britain and the USA).
2. Засоби масової інформації (Mass Media).
3. Політичний устрій України (Political System of Ukraine).
4. Політичний устрій Великої Британії (Political System of Great Britain).
5. Політичний устрій США (Political System of the USA).
6. Поняття права. Галузі права (Concept of Law. Classification of Law).
7. Кримінальне право. Правоохоронні органи (Criminal Law. Law-enforcement Bodies).
8. Фінансове право. Податки та оподаткування (Financial Law. Taxes and Taxation).
До кожного тексту запропоновані вправи на розвиток оперативної пам’яті, умінь сприймати усне мовлення при безпосередньому спілкуванні, продукувати повідомлення з опорою на здобуті знання. Завдання до текстів мають єдину структуру, що включає: 1) дотекстові вправи на подолання фонетичних та лексичних труднощів; 2) твердження та запитання до тексту для перевірки розуміння почутого повідомлення; 3) післятекстові вправи на вироблення мовних умінь використання лексичного матеріалу базового тексту, розвиток навичок реферування тексту. Ефективність володіння спеціальною лексикою забезпечується її повторенням у межах як окремих розділів, так і всього навчального посібника.
Посібник допомагає активізувати діяльність студентів, сприяє розвитку професійного мислення та формуванню особистості майбутнього фахівця-правознавця.
Тексти посібника можуть використовуватись для аудиторної роботи студентів денної та заочної форм навчання, а також для самостійного позааудиторного читання.
UNIT 1. EDUCATION IN UKRAINE, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE USA
TEXT 1. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN UKRAINE
I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
To ensure - запевняти, compulsory – примусовий, extramural – заочний, core curriculum – загальна програма навчання, vocational – професійний, to be in charge – відповідати за щось, fee-paying – платний.
II. Listen to the text:
Educational System in Ukraine
Ukrainians have always shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated in the constitution of Ukraine. It’s ensured by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools and higher education establishment. It is also ensured by the development of extramural and evening courses and the system of state scholarship and grants.Education in Ukraine is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. The stages of compulsory schooling in Ukraine are: primary education for ages 6-7 to 9-10 inclusive; and senior school for ages 10-11 to 12-13 inclusive, and senior school for ages 13-14 to 14-15 inclusive. If a pupil of secondary school wishes to go on in higher education, he or she must stay at school for two more years. Primary and secondary school together comprise 11 years of study. Every school has a «core curriculum» of academic subjects.After finishing the 9th form one can go on to a vocational school which offers programs of academic subjects and a program of training in a technical field, or a profession.After finishing the 11th form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go into higher education. All applicants must take competitive exam. Higher education institution (that is institutes or universities) offers a 5-years program of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a graduate course, so he or she can continue their education and receive a candidate’s degree or a doctoral degree.Higher educational establishments are headed by Rectors. Vice-rectors are in charge of academic and scientific work. An institute or a university has a number of faculties, each specializing councils which confer candidate and doctoral degrees.The system of higher and secondary education in Ukraine is going trough a transitional period. The main objectives of the reforms are: to decentralize the higher education system, to develop a new financial mechanism, to give more academic freedom to faculties and students. All secondary schools, institutes and universities until recently have been funded by the state. Now there is quite a number of private fee-paying primary and secondary schools, some universities have fee-paying departments.
III. Agree or disagree with the statements:
1. Ukrainians do care about their education.
2. Education in Ukraine is compulsory up to the 11th form inclusive.
3. If a pupil of secondary school wishes to go on in higher education, he or she must stay at school and learn a «core curriculum» of academic subjects.
4. A «core curriculum» of academic subjects is an essential part of every Ukrainian school.
5. A vocational school usually offers only a program of training in a technical field, or a profession.6. Receiving a candidate’s degree or a doctoral degree is an essential part of obtaining higher education in Ukraine.7. Rectors of Ukrainian universities are usually in charge of academic and scientific work.8. The system of higher and secondary education in Ukraine is in the process of transformation at the moment.9. Decentralization of the higher education system is one of the basic aspects in the reforming process.10. Who are Ukrainian secondary schools, institutes and universities sponsored by?IV. Answer the questions:
1. What kinds of Ukrainian educational establishments do you know?
2. What stages of compulsory education are there in Ukraine according to the article?
3. What is vocational school?
4. What do you have to do to become a student?
5. Who can receive a candidate’s degree or a doctoral degree in Ukraine?
V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).
| After finishing the 9th form one can go on to a vocational school | a | offers a 5-years program of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields. | |
| Higher education institution | b | until recently have been funded by the state. | |
| An institute or a university has a number of faculties, | c | which offers programs of academic subjects and a program of training in a technical field. | |
| All secondary schools, institutes and universities | d | is going trough a transitional period. | |
| The system of higher and secondary education in Ukraine | e | each specializing councils which confer candidate and doctoral degrees. |
VI. Make up a plan of the text.
VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).
TEXT 2. SECONDARY EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
Core subject – основний предмет, fee-paying – платний, compulsory – обов’язковий, a nursery school – дитячий дошкільний заклад, a secondary school – середня школа, vocational qualification – професійна підготовка, an entrance qualification – вступний іспит.
II. Listen to the text:
Secondary Education in Great Britain
About 93% of British children receive free education in state schools. The rest attend private fee-paying schools. Though compulsory schooling is from age 5 to 16, more than a half of 3- and 4-year olds go to nursery schools.
The National Curriculum makes it compulsory for all pupils to study “core” subjects: English, mathematics, science (biology, chemistry and physics). Pupils must also study “foundation subjects”: history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education and a foreign language. Extra-curricular activities include: school-clubs (sport, choir, drama, debating, etc.) and outings (museum, factory and field trips).
Passage from one academic year to the next is automatic. Pupils are examined in the “core” subjects at the age of 7, 11 and 14. Main secondary school examinations, known as General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), are taken at the age of 16. Generally pupils take English language and literature, mathematics, science and a foreign language.
About 66% of pupils, who have passed their GCSE examinations, stay on at school for another two years (6th form) to obtain higher academic or vocational qualification. They specialize in two or three subjects in which they take the Advanced Level Certificate (A-level). This certificate is used as an entrance qualification for universities and colleges as well as for many forms of professional training.
People aged over 16 may attend a Sixth Form College or Further Education College. Sixth Form Colleges offer mostly academic courses to those who want to get A-level certificate in order to enter university. Further Education Colleges also offer vocational training to those who want to get high level jobs in various professions (business, engineering, etc.).
III. Agree or disagree with the statements:
1. About 30% of British children receive free education in state schools.
2. Сompulsory schooling is from age 3 to 15.
3. The National Curriculum makes it compulsory for all pupils to study English, mathematics, science.
4. Every pupil must study history, geography, music, art, physical education and a foreign language.
5. There is no extra-curricular activity at school.
6. Passage from one academic year to the next is not automatic.
7. Main secondary school examinations, known as General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), are taken at the age of 11.
8. Another two years after secondary school give the pupils higher academic or vocational qualification.
9. Further Education Colleges offer mostly academic courses to those who want to enter university.
10. Sixth Form Colleges offer vocational training to those who want to get high level jobs in various professions.
IV. Answer the questions:
1. What are the three stages of schooling in Britain?
2. What percentage of British pupils stay on at school after 16 to obtain their A-level certificate?
3. What subjects make up the national school curriculum?
4. What degree do British graduates take when completing the course of higher education?
5. What post-graduate degrees can British graduates obtain?
V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).
| Pupils must also study “foundation subjects”: | a | are taken at the age of 16. | |
| The National Curriculum makes it compulsory for all pupils to study “core” subjects: | b | vocational training to those who want to get high level jobs in various professions. | |
| Though compulsory schooling is from age 5 to 16, | c | English, mathematics, science (biology, chemistry and physics). | |
| Further Education Colleges also offer | d | history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education and a foreign language. | |
| Main secondary school examinations | e | more than a half of 3- and 4-year olds go to nursery schools. |
VI. Make up a plan of the text.
VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).
TEXT 3. SCHOOLS IN GREAT BRITAIN
I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
Content – зміст, compulsory – обов’язковий, relevant – суттєвий, primary – початковий, a curriculum – навчальна програма, to provide – забезпечувати, voluntary – добровільний.
II. Listen to the text:
Schools in Great Britain
The approach to education has changed in the past thirty years. It is now widely accepted that it is not enough for children simply to absorb and remember information. The content of education should be practicable and relevant to real life.
Schooling is compulsory for twelve years, for all children aged five to sixteen. There are voluntary years of schooling (nurseries). The primary cycle lasts from five to eleven, in primary schools the first two years are spent on informal development of expression and ability to concentrate.
Secondary school lasts either until the end of the compulsory attendance cycle, or includes the two final years of secondary education generally known in Britain as the “sixth form”.
Outside the academic curriculum there is a great concern with the development of the child's personality. Clubs are encouraged for the joint pursuit of interests in nature, such as bird-watching, or music, dancing or drama.
The academic year begins in September, after the summer holidays. It is divided into three terms, with the intervals between them formed by the Christmas and Easter holidays. The exact days of the holidays vary from area to area, being in general about two weeks at Christmas and Easter. In addition, there is normally a week holiday in the middle of each term, and five weeks in the summer.
Schools mostly work Mondays to Fridays only, from about 9 a.m. to between 3 and 4 p.m. Lunch is provided and parents pay most of the cost unless their income is low enough to entitle them to free children's meals.
The public examinations are set on completion of the compulsory cycle of education at the age of 16, and on completion of the two voluntary years.
III. Agree or disagree with the statements:
1. The approach to education hasn’t been changed recently.
2. Children should simply absorb and remember information.
3. Schooling is compulsory for 10 years, for all children aged 5 to 15.
4. The cycle in primary schools is spent on informal development of expression and ability to concentrate.
5. Outside the academic curriculum there is a great concern with the development of the child's personality.
6. Clubs are encouraged for the joint pursuit of interests in nature or arts.
7. The academic year begins in October, after the summer holidays.
8. The academic year is divided into three terms, with the intervals on Christmas and Easter holidays.
9. Schools mostly work Mondays to Saturdays, from about 9 a.m. to 3-4 p.m.
10. Lunch is provided and parents pay most of the cost of the children's meals.
IV. Answer the questions:
1. What are the main approaches to education in Britain?
2. Should the content of education be practicable and relevant to real life?
3. What age is schooling compulsory?
4. Is there is anything outside the academic curriculum to develop the child's personality?
5. What parts is the academic year divided into? When do they start?
V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).
| It is divided into three terms, | a | and parents pay most of the cost. | |
| Lunch is provided | b | after the summer holidays | |
| The academic year begins in September,. | c | simply to absorb and remember information. | |
| Outside the academic curriculum there is a great concern | d | with the intervals between them formed by the Christmas and Easter holidays. | |
| It is now widely accepted that it is not enough for children | e | with the development of the child's personality. |
VI. Make up a plan of the text.
VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).
TEXT 4. HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
Ι. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
To undergo - зазнавати, to enrol – зараховувати, Bachelor - бакалавр, master - магістр, approximately – приблизно, fee – плата, to complete – закінчувати.
II. Listen to the text:
Higher Education in Great Britain
Higher education has undergone a massive expansion. In 1985 only 573,000, 16 per cent of young people were enrolled in full-time higher education. Ten years later the number was 1,150,000, no less than 30 per cent of their age group. Thus there are today 90 universities, compared with 47 in 1990, and only seventeen in 1945. They are all private institutions, receiving direct grants from central government.
University examinations are for Bachelor of Arts or of Science (BA or BS) on completion of the undergraduate course, and Master of Arts or of Science (MA or MS) on completion of postgraduate work, usually a one- or two-year course involving some original research.
In addition there are a large number of specialist higher education institutions in the field of the performing and visual arts. For example, there are four leading conservatories: the Royal Academy of Music, the Royal College of Music, Trinity College of Music and the Royal Northern College of Music. There are a large number of art colleges, of which the most famous is the Royal College of Art. Other colleges cater for dance; film-making and other specialist are as of artistic study.
In spite of the high fees, Britain's universities, FE colleges and English language schools host a large number of foreign students, in 1996 there were no fewer than 158,000.
III. Agree or disagree with the statements:
1. Higher education has undergone a massive expansion.
2. In 1985 only 16 per cent of young people were enrolled in fulltime higher education.
3. In 1995 about 30 percent of young people enrolled in full-time higher education.
4. In 1945 there were 13 universities in Great Britain.
5. There are 90 universities in Great Britain today.
6. All state institutions receive direct grants from central government.
7. University examinations are only for Bachelor of Arts or of Science on completion of the undergraduate course.
8. There are only a few higher educational institutions in the field of the performing and visual arts.
9. In Great Britain there are four leading conservatories.
10. There are few foreign students in Great Britain’s universities.
IV. Answer the questions:
1. Has higher education in Great Britain undergone a massive expansion?
2. How many young people were enrolled in full-time higher education in 1995?
3. What university examinations exist?
4. What specialists’ higher education institutions in the field of the performing and visual arts are there in Great Britain?
5. Are there a large number of foreign students in Britain universities?
V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).
| University examinations are for Bachelor of Arts on completion of the undergraduate course, | a | of which the most famous is the Royal College of Art. | |
| In spite of the high fees, Britain's universities | b | in the field of the performing and visual arts. | |
| There are a large number of art colleges, | c | has undergone a massive expansion. | |
| In addition there are a large number of higher education institutions | d | host a large number of foreign students. | |
| Higher education | e | and Master of Arts or of Science on completion of postgraduate work. |
VI. Make up a plan of the text.
VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).
TEXT 5. UNIVERSITIES IN GREAT BRITAIN
I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
A grant – стипендія, a loan – позика, tuition fees – плата за навчання, an accommodation – житло, a bachelor – бакалавр, a graduate – випускник, an undergraduate course – базовий університетський курс, a post-graduate course – аспірантура.
II. Listen to the text:
Universities in Great Britain
Today there are 47 universities in Britain. They are all private institutions, receiving direct grants from the central government. Candidates are accepted on the basis of their A-level results. The course of study lasts for 3 or 4 years. About 90% of students receive grants or loans covering tuition fees and maintenance (accommodation and food). There are now about one million students in higher education.
Students completing their course of studies get a Bachelor degree (Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Sciences). Graduates can apply to take further degree courses. There are two different types of post-graduate courses: the Master degree (Master of Arts or Master of Sciences) which take 1 or 2 years, and the highest degree, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which takes 2 or 3 years more.
Oxford and Cambridge, founded in the 13th and 14th centuries, are two oldest and most exclusive universities in the country. “Oxbridge” is an adjective made from the words “Oxford” and “Cambridge” to describe the type of the people who go there, usually the most influential people in the country. Today, “Oxbridge” educate less than one-tenth of Britain's total university student population. But they continue to attract many of the best brains, partly on account of their prestige and partly on account of the beauty of their buildings. Both universities grew gradually, as federations of independent colleges most of which were founded in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.
Scotland has four ancient universities: Glasgow, Edinburgh, St. Andrews and Aberdeen, all founded in the 15th and 16th centuries. Those universities were created with strong links with the ancient university of continental Europe. Even today Scottish universities provide four-year undergraduate courses, compared with the usual three-year courses in England and Wales.
III. Agree or disagree with the statements:
1. Today there are 40 private universities in Britain.
2. The course of study lasts for 3 or 4 years.
3. About 50% of students receive grants or loans covering tuition fees and maintenance (accommodation and food).
4. Students completing their undergraduate course of studies get a Master degree.
5. The Master degree takes 1 or 2 years.
6. Oxford and Cambridge, founded in the 13th and 14th centuries, are two oldest and most exclusive universities in the country.
7. Today Oxbridge continues to attract many of the best brains, due to its prestige and the beauty of its buildings.
8. Both universities are federations of independent colleges most of which were founded in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.
9. Scotland has three ancient universities: Glasgow, Edinburgh and St. Andrews.
10. Scottish universities provide four-year undergraduate courses, compared with the usual three-year courses in England.
IV. Answer the questions:
1. What is the average course of studies at the university in Britain?
2. How students pay for tuition fees and maintenance (accommodation and food)?
3. What degree do the students completing their course of studies get?
4. What are two different types of post-graduate courses?
5. Does Scottish system of higher education differ from British?
V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).
| Even today Scottish universities provide four-year undergraduate courses, | a | are two oldest and most exclusive universities in the country | |
| Both universities grew gradually, | b | direct grants from the central government. | |
| Oxford and Cambridge | c | as federations of independent colleges. | |
| There are two different types of post-graduate courses: | d | compared with the usual three-year courses in England and Wales. | |
| All private institutions receive | e | the Master degree and the highest degree, Doctor of Philosophy. |
VI. Make up a plan of the text.
VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).
TEXT 6. CAMBRIDGE
I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
Navigable – навігаційний, religious disputes – релігійні суперечки, a feud – ворожнеча, a murderer – вбивця, a scholar – вчений, life-size – справжнього розміру, dimensions – розміри, a chapel – каплиця.
II. Listen to the text:
Cambridge
Cambridge has been an important town since Roman times as it is sited at the first navigable point on the River Cam (hence its name). In 1209, after academic and religious disputes, a group of religious scholars broke away from Oxford University and came here. Also, there had been a long feud between students and townspeople, and when three students were hanged after being found in the same house as the murderer of a local woman, a number of students and scholars fled to Cambridge terrified. Tension between students and townspeople developed in Cambridge not long afterwards. Only scholars were allowed to live and work in the early colleges. Hostels were built for the students, and these later became part of the colleges.
Cambridge University has 31 Colleges; the oldest is Peterhouse (1284). Clustered around the city center, many of the older colleges have peaceful gardens backing onto the River Cam, which are known as the “Backs”. The college buildings are generally grouped around squares called courts. Peterhouse is the oldest and also the smallest college.
Trinity College is the largest college; it was founded by Henry VIII in 1547. The Great Court features a late Elizabethian fountain - at one time the main water supply. The chapel has life-size statues of college members, notably statue of the scientist Isaac Newton (professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge, 1673-1702).
King's College was founded by Henry I in 1441. Henry himself decided that its chapel should dominate the city and gave specific instructions about its dimensions. Work on the chapel took 70 years to complete. The 16th-century windows in the chapel depict biblical scenes.
III. Agree or disagree with the statements:
1. Cambridge was the first navigable point on the River Cam.
2. In 1208 a group of religious scholars broke away from Oxford University and came to Cambridge.
3. There had been a long feud between students and scholars.
4. Only scholars were allowed to live and work in the early colleges.
5. Cambridge University has 32 Colleges; the oldest is Peterhouse.
6. Many of the older colleges have peaceful gardens known as the “Backs”.
7. Peterhouse is the oldest and also the most beautiful college.
8. Trinity College is the largest college, founded by Henry VIII in 1547.
9. The chapel has life-size statue of the scientist Isaac Newton.
10. The 16th-century chapel dominates the city.
IV. Answer the questions:
1. What was the reason for a group of religious scholars to break away from Oxford University and come to Cambridge?
2. Was there a long feud between students and townspeople?
3. How many colleges does Cambridge University have?
4. Did Kings and Queens of England take part in university development and building?
5. What is the largest college at the university?
V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).
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| Киль-Копенгаген | | | VI. Make up a plan of the text. |