Text 24. Yaroslav the Wise

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Convert - перетворення, to wage - вести, to gain- здобувати, to defend- захищати, nomadic - кочовий, defeat - поразка, value - цінність, to bury - ховати, marble - мармуровий.

II. Listen to the text:

Yaroslav the Wise

Yaroslav the Wise – Grand Prince of Kyiv – was born in Kyiv in 978. He was a son of Grand Prince Volodymyr, who converted Kyivan Rus to Christianity.

After his father’s death, Yaroslav waged war against his brother Svyatopolk I and gained the Kyiv throne. Under the rule of Yaroslav the Wise, Kyivan Rus, with Kyiv as its capital, grew more powerful than ever. Trade with the East and the West played an important role in Kyivan Rus in the 11^th century. Yaroslav established diplomatic relations with European countries. His daughters Elizabeth, Anna and Anastasia were married to the kings of Norway, France and Hungary. Yaroslav himself was married to the daughter of the King of Sweden.

Yaroslav the Wise defended his state from the attacks of nomadic tribes. He defeated the Pechenegs, who had attacked Kyiv for 120 years. To honour this victory he laid the foundations of Kyivan Rus.

Yaroslav the Wise valued wisdom, knowledge and books most of all. He founded a primary school and a library. There were more than 1,000 books in it. He also wrote a book of laws called Yaroslav’s Justice. No wonder he was called Yaroslav the Wise.

He died in 1054 in Kyiv and was buried in St. Sophia’s Cathedral in a sarcophagus made of white marble. In front f the Cathedral, there is a marble stone with his portrait on it to commemorate the first library of Kyivan Rus.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. Yaroslav the Wise was born in Chernigiv.

2. He was a brother of Grand Prince Volodymyr.

3. Yaroslav converted Rus to Chrisnianity.

4. Under the rule of Yaroslav the Wise Kyivan Rus grew less was peruirful than ever.

5. Prince Yaroslav aws married to the daughter of the King of Norway.

6. Yaroslav’s daughters were married to foreign kings.

7. He defeated the Pechenegs who had attacted Kyiv for 120 years.

8. Yaroslav the Wise was buried in St. Sophia’s Cathedral.

9. He founded a primary school and a library.

10. To honour the victory, Yaroslav begin to bild St. Sophia’s Cathedral.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. When was Yaroslav the Wise born?

2. What were the results of his reign?

3. What did he found?

4. What did he write?

5. Where was he buried?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	Yaroslav the Wise valued wisdom,	a	with European countries.
	Yaroslav the Wise defended his state	b	grew more powerful than ever.
	Trade with the East and the West	c	from the attacks of nomadic tribes.
	Under the rule of Yaroslav the Wise, Kyivan Rus	d	played an important role in Kyivan Rus in the 11^th century.
	Yaroslav established diplomatic relations	e	knowledge and books most of all.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

UNIT 4. GREAT BRITAIN. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN

TEXT 25. THE UNITED KINGDOM

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Separated – відокремлений, to occupy – займати, authority – влада, to refer to – відноситись до, a county – графство, self-government – місцева влада, tax system – податкова система, to appoint – призначати на посаду.

II. Listen to the text:

The United Kingdom

The British Isles are made up of Great Britain, Ireland and some 5 500 smaller islands. Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the northeast, north and north-west. It is separated from Europe by the North Sea, the Straits of Dover and the English Channel. In the west Great Britain is sepa­rated from Ireland by the Irish Sea, North Channel and St. George's Channel. The seas surrounding Great Britain are shallow and rich in fish.

There are two states in the British Isles. One of them is the Republic of Ireland which occupies most of the Island of Ireland; it is also called “Eire” (the Irish language name). Informally it is re­ferred to as just “Ireland” or “the Republic”.

The other state has the authority over the rest of the British Isles. Its official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland although it is usually known by a shorter name. It is often referred to as “the United Kingdom”. In everyday speech it is often shortened to “the UK”. In other contexts it is referred to as “Great Britain”.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has the total area of about 242 000 sq. km. It is nearly 500 km. across at the widest point, and almost 1 000 km. long.

It is divided into 4 historically developed regions: England con­sisting of about 50administrative counties, Wales - of 13 counties, Scot­land - of 33 counties, including the Hebrides, the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands, and North Ireland (or Ulster), consisting of 6 counties.

There are two small parts of the British Isles which have special political arrangement. They are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Each has complete internal self-government, including its own Parliament and its own tax system. Both are ruled by a Lieutenant Governor appointed by the British government.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. The British Isles are made up only of Great Britain and Ireland.

2. Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

3. The seas surrounding Great Britain are shallow and poor in fish.

4. The Republic of Ireland occupies half of the Island of Ireland.

5. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has the authority over the rest of the British Isles.

6. “The United Kingdom” means the same as “Great Britain”.

7. The United Kingdom is divided into 3 historically developed regions.

8. England con­sisting of about 80administrative counties, Wales - of 13 counties, Scot­land - of 33 counties.

9. Each county in England complete internal self-government, including its own Parliament and its own tax system.

10. A Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the British government.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What territories are the British Isles made up?

2. How many states are there in the British Isles?

3. What is the official name of the whole country?

4. What is the name of the British administrative unit?

5. Does any state on the British Isles have special political arrangement?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	It is separated from Europe	a	are shallow and rich in fish.
	Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean	b	which have special political arrangement.
	There are two small parts of the British Isles	c	by the North Sea, the Straits of Dover and the English Channel.
	The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	d	in the northeast, north and north-west.
	The seas surrounding Great Britain	e	is usually known by a shorter name.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 26. HOW DID THE BRITISH LAW DEVELOP?

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Medieval – середньовічний, feudal lord – феодал, courts of Equity – суди справедливості, to refer – направляти, a chancellor – суддя, to relief – допомагати, a clergyman – священик.

II. Listen to the text:

How did the British Law Develop?

In early medieval England, there was no written law. Each feudal lord or baron administered justice personally. Although these baronial courts had similarities, the laws were different in different places. Disputes were settled on the basis of local customs and the baron's judgment. In time, the king was able to establish a system of courts, which enforced a common law throughout England. The rules of law, which were stated in these early cases, became precedents (examples) for settling future, similar cases. In the beginning, few decisions were recorded, and so the early common law was sometimes known as «unwritten law». Finally, the principles and rules announced by the courts were preserved in writing. Thus, particular rules became fixed, and people knew what to expect if similar problems arose in the future. This resulted in what has come to be known as the Common Law — judge-made case law that has its origin in the traditions, customs, and trade practices of the people.

The English common law began to develop after the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066. To keep order and peace, the Kings of England tried to create a uniform or «common» law to govern the dif­ferent regions of the British Isles. Circuit-riding judges (выездная сессия суда) and the use of the jury aided the Norman Kings in the consolidation of their kingdom. In medieval England, sometimes there was no remedy available from a common law court to enforce certain rights or to correct certain wrongs. This was because in civil cases the court could give only monetary damages» A person who wanted any other kind of relief would appeal directly to the king. The king would refer the person to his chancellor, who was usually a clergyman of good con­science and fairness. The chancellor would hear the case without a jury and would then give appropriate relief. Such hearings developed into what came to be known as a separate system of Courts of Equity.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. In medieval England there was written law.

2. Each feudal or baron administered justice personally.

3. The laws were different in different places.

5. The English common law began to develop after the conquest of England in the 14-th century.

6. The king was able to establish a system of courts.

7. The rules of law became precedents for settling similar cases.

8. The early common law known as “unwritten law”.

9. The Common law is based on traditions, customs and practices of the people.

10. Law is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. Was there any written law in medieval England?

2. How was justice administered in early medieval England?

3. What are precedents?

4. What is Common law based on?

5. Who examines cases and pronounces judgment in the Courts of Equity?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	The English common law began to develop	a	which enforced a common law throughout England.
	The rules of law became precedents	b	for settling future, similar cases.
	The king was able to establish a system of courts,	c	after the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066.
	Disputes were settled on the basis of	d	administered justice personally.
	In early medieval England each feudal lord or baron	e	local customs and the baron's judgment.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 27. THE MAGNA CARTA

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

The Magna Carta – Велика Хартія Вольностей, to force – змушувати, to break away – відділитися, an objective – ціль, Common law – загальне право, Bill of Rights – Біль про права, a trial – судовий розгляд справи.

II. Listen to the text:

The Magna Carta

In 1215, the English barons forced the English King John I to sign and adopt the Magna Carta, which provided for them certain guarantees and protection against unreasonable acts of the king. Later, the Magna Cartawas revised, and other documents, such as the English Bill ofRights (1689), were adopted.

When the thirteen American colonies broke away from Great Britain after the Revolutionary War, the colonists adopted the principles of the Magna Carta and the common law. These principles became the foundation of the legal system of US federal government and of all the states.

Today, the two great systems of lawin the Western world are the Common lawof the English-speaking world and the Roman civil lawfound on the continent of Europe. Both systems have the same objectives, but they differ in origins and methods. The Roman civil law originated in codes(systematic collections of written rules of law) imposed on the people by the emperors of ancient Rome. In contrast, the English common law originated in decisions of judges based on widely held customs of the people. Also, English common law uniquely provides for trial by a jury of one's peers(equals).

The English colonies in America recognized the English common law as governing until July 4, 1776. After that date, existing rules were retained, but further changes in the law were made in the courts of the newly formed American country. The Common Law, with its emphasis on judges making rules of law, continues to serve well till now.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. In 1512 the Magna Carta was adopted.

2. The Magna Carta provided certain guarantees and protection against unreasonable acts of the king.

3. The English Bill of Rights was adopted in 1689.

4. The American colonists adopted the principles of the Magna Carta and Common Law.

5. The principles of the Magna Carta became the foundation of the legal system of US federal government.

6. The Common law and the Roman law differ in origins and methods.

7. The Roman civil law originated in codes.

8. The English common law originated in decisions of judges based on widely held customs of the people.

9. The English colonies in America didn’t recognize the English law.

10. The Magna Carta has been never revised.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. When was the Magna Carta adopted?

2. What did the Magna Carta provide?

3. What principles of law did first American states adopt after they broke away from Great Britain?

4. How do the two great systems of law, Common law and the Roman civil law, differ?

5. What systems of law are there in Western world now?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	English common law uniquely provides for trial	a	of the common law.
	The two great systems of laware the Common lawof the English-speaking world	b	and protection against unreasonable acts of the king.
	These principles became the foundation of the legal system	c	and the Roman civil lawfound on the continent of Europe.
	The colonists adopted the principles	d	by a jury of one's peers.
	The Magna Carta provided certain guarantees	e	of US federal government and of all the states.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 28. LEGISLATURE IN GREAT BRITAIN

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Bicameral – двопалатний, a constituency – виборчий округ, majority – більшість, hereditary – спадковий, legislation – законодавство, to delay – відкласти, judicial cases – судові справи.

II. Listen to the text:

Legislature in Great Britain

Parliament is the centre of the political system in the United Kingdom. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

The UK is divided into parliamentary constituencies of broadly equal population, each of which elects a Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons. In modern times, all Prime Ministers and Leaders of the Opposition have been drawn from the Commons, not the Lords.

One party usually has a majority in Parliament. The monarch normally asks a person commissioned to form a government simply whether it can survive in the House of Commons, something which majority governments are expected to be able to do. It is worth noting that a government is not formed by a vote of the House of Commons, merely a commission from the monarch. The House of Commons gets its first chance to indicate confidence in the new government when it votes on the Speech from the Throne (the legislative program proposed by the new government).

The House of Lords was previously a hereditary, aristocratic chamber. Major reform has been partially completed and it is currently a mixture of hereditary members, bishops of the Church of England known as Lords Spiritual and appointed members (life peers, with no hereditary right for their descendants to sit in the House). It currently acts to review legislation formed by the House of Commons, with the power to propose amendments, and exercises a veto. This allows it to delay legislation it does not approve of for twelve months.

The House of Lords is currently also the final court of appeal within the United Kingdom, although in practice only a small subset of the House of Lords, known as the Law Lords, hears judicial cases. However, the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 outlines plans for a Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to replace the role of the Law Lords.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. Parliament is the centre of the political system in the United Kingdom.

2. Parliamentary constituencies elect Members of the House of Lords.

3. In modern times, all Prime Ministers have been drawn from the Lords.

4. The monarch normally asks a person to form a government.

5. A government is formed by a vote of the House of Commons.

6. The Speech from the Throne is the legislative program of the new government.

7. The House of Lords was previously a hereditary chamber.

8. Life peers have no hereditary right to sit in the House.

9. A new legislation is formed by the House of Commons

10. The House of Lords has the power to propose amendments and to delay legislation.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What chambers does the Parliament consist of?

2. Where are the MP’s elected?

3. Who proposes a new legislative program of the government?

4. Is the House of Commons Lords an aristocratic chamber?

5. Who has the power to propose amendments and exercise a veto?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	The House of Lords is	a	consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
	The House of Lords was previously	b	of the political system in the United Kingdom.
	The House of Commons gets its first chance	c	the final court of appeal within the United Kingdom.
	Parliament is bicameral,	d	a hereditary, aristocratic chamber.
	Parliament is the centre	e	to indicate confidence in the new government.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 29. PARLIAMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Sovereignty – незалежність, Lords Temporal – світські лорди, a bishop – архієпископ, medieval – середньовічний, legislative body – законодавчий орган, constitutional convention – конституційна конвенція, Commonwealth – британська Співдружність націй.

II. Listen to the text:

Parliament of Great Britain

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories. It alone has parliamentary sovereignty, conferring it ultimate power over all other Political bodies. At its head is the Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II.

The parliament is bicameral, with an upper house, the House of Lords, and a lower house, the House of Commons. The Queen is the third component of Parliament. The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual (the senior bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal (members of the Peerage); its members are not elected by the population at large but are appointed by past or current governments. The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections to it held at least every 5 years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster (commonly known as the "Houses of Parliament"), in the City of Westminster in London. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the Prime Minister, are members of the House of Commons or, less often, the House of Lords, and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature.

Parliament evolved from the early medieval councils that advised the sovereigns of England. In theory, supreme legislative power is vested in the Queen-in-Parliament; in practice in modern times, real power is vested in the House of Commons; the Sovereign generally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the powers of the House of Lords are limited.

The United Kingdom Parliament is sometimes called the "Mother of Parliaments", as the legislative bodies of many states, most notably those of the members of the Commonwealth, are modeled on it. It is also the largest Anglophone legislative body in the world.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. The Parliament of the UK is the supreme executive body.

2. The upper chamber is the House of Commons.

3. The Queen is not the third component of Parliament.

4. The House of Lords includes three different types of members.

5. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with the term of office of 4 years.

6. The two Houses meet in the same chamber in the Palace of Westminster.

7. All government ministers are members of the House of Commons.

8. In theory, supreme legislative power is vested in the Queen-in-Parliament.

9. Real political power is vested in the House of Lords.

10. The United Kingdom Parliament is sometimes called the "Mother of Parliaments".

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What is the supreme legislative body in the British overseas territories?

2. How many chambers are there in the parliament?

3. Is the Queen is a component of the Parliament?

4. How often are the elections to the House of Commons held?

5. Why is the UK Parliament called the "Mother of Parliaments"?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	The United Kingdom Parliament is sometimes called	a	that advised the sovereigns of England.
	Parliament evolved from the early medieval councils	b	in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories.
	The House of Commons is	c	the "Mother of Parliaments".
	The parliament is bicameral,	d	a democratically elected chamber.
	The Parliament is the supreme legislative body.	e	with an upper house and a lower house.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 30. THE POWERS OF THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Occasion – випадок, to be in favour – мати прихильність до чогось, to be signed – бути підписаним, to refuse – відмовляти, to scrutinise – уважно розглядати, issue – питання, to dissolve – розпускати.

II. Listen to the text:

The Powers of the British Parliament The three elements, which make up Parliament –the Queen, the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons, are constituted on different principles. They meet together only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the State Opening of Parliament, when the Commons are invited by the Queen to the House of Lords.Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament.In reality, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which is true power. It is here that new bills are introduced and debated. If the majority of the members aren’t in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the monarch to be signed. Only than it becomes law. Although a bill must be supported by all three bodies, the House of Lords only has limited powers, and the monarch hasn’t refused to sign one.The main functions of Parliament are: to pass laws; to provide, by voting taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; to scrutinise government policy and administration; to debate the major issues of the day. In carrying out these functions Parliament helps to bring the relevant facts and issues before the electorate. By custom, Parliament is also informed before all-important international treaties and agreements are ratified.A Parliament has a maximum duration of five years, but in practice general elections are usually held before the end of this term. Parliament is dissolved and rights for a general election are ordered by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. The life of a Parliament is divided into sessions. Each usually lasts for one year – normally beginning and ending in October or November. The adverse number of "sitting" days in a session is about 168 in the House of Commons and about 150 in the House of Lords.At the start of each session the Queen's speech to Parliament outlines the Government’s policies and proposed legislative programme.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. There are three elements, which make up British Parliament – the Prime Minister, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

2. All the elements of the Parliament are constituted on the same principles.

3. Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Lords and the House of Commons

4. Parliament and the monarch only meet together on occasions of symbolic significance.

5. The House of Commons is the only one of the five elements which is true power.

6. New bills are introduced and debated in the House of Commons.

7. After debates in the House of Commons, the bill goes directly to the monarch to be signed.

8. One of the main functions of Parliament is to debate main issues of the week.

9. A Parliament has a maximum duration of five years.

10. The Queen’s speech to Parliament is traditional at the beginning of each session.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What elements does the Parliament consist of?

2. When do the Queen, the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons usually meet?

3. Which one of the three elements of Parliament is true power?

4. What are the main functions of the Parliament?

5. How long does every session of the Parliament last?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	A Parliament has a maximum duration of five years,	a	known as the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
	The main functions of Parliament are:	b	and they only meet together on symbolic occasions.
	Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country	c	but in practice general elections are usually held before the end of this term.
	Parliament consists of two chambers	d	are constituted on different principles.
	The three elements, which make up Parliament,	e	to pass laws, to provide the means of carrying on the work of government.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 31. THE POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Existence – існування, approval – схвалення, the Conservative Party – Консервативна партія, the Labor Party – Лейбористська партія, to vary – різнитися, to abolish – відміняти.

II. Listen to the text:

The Political Party System The present political system depends upon the existence of organized political parties, each of which presents its policies to the electorate for approval. The parties are not registered or formally recognized in law, but in practice most candidates in elections, and almost all winning candidates, belong to one of the main parties.For the last 150 years there were only 2 parties: the Conservative Party and the Labor Party. A new party – the Liberal Democrats – was formed in 1988. Social Democratic Party is also the new one founded in 1981. Other parties include two nationalist parties, Plaid Cymru (founded in Wales in 1925) and the Scottish National Party (founded in 1934).The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the Opposition parties. People belonging to smaller political parties join one of the larger parties and work from within to make their influence felt. The exception to this are members of the Scottish National and Welsh Nationalist Parties, who, because their influence votes are concentrated in specific geographical areas, can manage to win seats although their total support is relatively small.Her Majesty's Government is the body of ministers responsible for the administration of national affairs. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and all other ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Most ministers are members of the Commons, although the Government is also fully represented by ministers in the Lords. The composition of governments can vary both in the number of ministers and in the titles of some offices. New ministerial offices may be created, others may be abolished and functions may be transferred from one minister to another.

III. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. The present political system depends upon the existence of organized political parties.

2. Each of the parties presents its policies to the monarch.

3. Almost all winning candidates belong to one of the main parties.

4. For the last 150 years there were only 3 parties.

5. A new Communists party was formed in 1988.

6. Social Democratic Party is also the new one founded in 1981.

7. The effective work of the party system in Parliament largely depends on the relationship between the Government and the Opposition parties.

8. People belonging to smaller political parties join one of the larger parties.

9. Her Majesty's Government is ministers responsible for the administration of international affairs.

10. All the ministers are members of Commons.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What does the present political system depend upon?

2. How many parties were there for the last 150 years?

3. What does the effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rest largely on?

4. What is Her Majesty's Government about?

5. Who is the Prime Minister appointed by?

V. Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the second one (a-e).

	Her Majesty's Government is the body of ministers	a	rests on the relationship between the Government and the Opposition parties.
	People belonging to smaller political parties	b	but most candidates in elections belong to one of the main parties.
	The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament	c	the existence of organized political parties.
	The parties are not registered in law,	d	join one of the larger parties.
	The present political system depends upon	e	responsible for the administration of national affairs.

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Retell the text in a written form (in English or Ukrainian).

TEXT 32. BRITISH CABINET

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

Majority of seats – більшість місць, general election – загальні вибори, to be responsible for – відповідати за щось, the Home Secretary – міністр внутрішніх справ, the Foreign Secretary – міністр закордонних справ, title – назва, Shadow Cabinet – тіньовий кабінет.

II. Listen to the text:

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