Add To Your Active Vocabulary

classroom – класс, аудитория

lecture hall – лекционный зал

laboratory – лаборатория

gym (gymnasium) – спортзал

semester (term) – семестр

school year – учебный год

course of studies – курс обучения

academy – академия

university – университет

institute – институт

faculty, college, department – факультет (ex. College of physics – факультет физики)

department, chair of... – кафедра

head of the department, chief of the department, chair- (man, woman) – зав. кафедрой

substitute – заместитель

teaching instructor (TI) – преподаватель

professor – профессор

dean – декан

Rector – ректор

teaching staff, faculty members – преподавательский состав

full-time student – студент(ка) дневного отделения

part-time student – студент(ка) «вечерник»

student of distant education – студент(ка) «заочник»

student of preparatory courses – слушатель подгот. курсов

undergraduate student – студент 1-4(5) курсов

graduate student – студент 5-6 курсов (магистрант, аспирант)

Exercise 22. Do you know?

1) When was your University or Academy established?

2) Who was the first Rector?

3) Were there any famous a) scientists, engineers b) politicians c) artists among the graduates of your Institute?

4) How many people are currently enrolled?

5) What is the most popular faculty in your Academy?

Exercise 23. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements:

a) Larger schools are better than smaller ones.

b) It is impossible to enter the university if you haven't attended preparatory courses.

c) The best professors are the oldest ones.

d) It is better to live in a dormitory or student hostel than to rent an apartment.

e) Professors always know more than students and teaching instructors.

Exercise 24. Tell about:

a) Ann’s academy;

b) the faculty of your university.

Exercise 25. a) Read and translate the text, learn new words.

B) Speak about Moscow State University.

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

Moscow State University is the oldest, autonomous, self-governing and state-supported institution of higher learning, founded in 1755 by the scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Located in Moscow, the university is composed of faculties of biology, chemistry, computational mathematics and cybernetics, economics, foreign languages, fundamental medicine, geography, geology, history, journalism, law, mechanics and mathematics, physics, psychology, sociology, and soil sciences, as well as an institute of Asian and African Studies. Several museums, colleges, and a number of institutes are affiliated with Moscow University, and a preparatory faculty teaches Russian language and other subjects to foreign students.

Except for the science faculties and some of the arts faculties – which are situated in south-western Moscow – the remainder of the faculties are located in the older university buildings in the centre of the city. A diploma in a given field of study is awarded after five or five and a half years of study. After three additional years and the completion of a thesis, the kandidat nauk degree is awarded. The highest degree, the Doctor of Sciences, may be attained upon completion of a thesis based on independent research.

CONVERSATIONS

Exercise 26. a) Read and learn.

Ted's instructor: Hello Ted. I'm glad I saw you before lectures. Did you know about the change in the examination timetable?

Ted: Change?

Ted's ins.: Yes. The last day of examinations for your group will be January 23rd not January 21st.

Ted: Is that definite (определенно, точно)? We were told they'd be on January 22nd.

Ted's ins.: There can be no changes now. It's definitely Janu­ary 23rd.

Ted: That's great. I'm going to London on holiday on January 24th.

Ted's ins.: Have you finished your assignment (домашнее

задание) yet?

Ted: I’m nearly there. I think I’ll give it to you on Tuesday.

Ted’s ins.: That's good. I can't let you have another extension (отсрочка).

Ted: I was really grateful for the extra time you gave me. That was a really big assignment.

Ted’s ins.: Well, I’ll expect it next week. Now, would you like to hear the details of the schedule?

Ted: Oh. Yes, please.

Ted’s ins.: You'll have four examinations. General Mechanics is in the morning of January 8th, Physics is on the afternoon of January 13th, Maths is on the morning of January 18th, and Information Technology in the afternoon of January 23rd.

* * *

Mr. R.: Good morning. Have a seat.

Bob: Good morning. Thank you.

Mr. R.: I have your application here. Your name is Robert Smith, right?

В.: That's right, sir.

Mr. R.: And you hope to enter our university this year?

В.: Yes sir, if I can make it.

Mr. R.: Fine, Bob. You finished school a year ago. Why didn't you enter college that year?

В.: Well, I have a sister in college now. And there is another

one who'll be going next year. So I need money to pay for my education.

Mr. R.: All right. How were your grades (отметка, оценка) at school?

В.: Well, pretty good. Until my last year I got a little too in­

terested in sports. But I know Pll work hard in college.

Mr. R.: It's hard to keep up both sports and studies.

В.: Yes sir, I know.

Mr. R.: Fine. Well, we'll let you know in about two weeks, good luck (удачи).

В.: Thank you, sir. Goodbye.

* * *

P: Hello, may I speak to the school secretary, please?

T: Speaking. Anne Rostron, Winchester School of English. Can I help you?

P: Yes, please. This is..., a student from Moscow. I'd like some information about your summer courses, please.

T: Fine, what would you like to know?

P: Well, first how long are the courses?

T: In the summer, we offer four-week courses.

P: Yes, where exactly is your school?

T: Well, we're only two minutes away from the beach. Our town is in the centre of the South of England. We have direct public transport from London and airports. It's very easy to visit Stonehenge, Oxford and Bath from here.

P: That sounds good. Mm, how much do the courses cost?

T: They cost from £850, depending on what type of accommodation you choose.

P: Just one more thing. May I get your advice on how best to apply for the courses?

T: Certainly. Just give me your name and address. We'll send you a brochure and application form.

P: My name is... and my address is...

T: Thanks. You have to fill in the application form and send it with the deposit of £150.

P: Thank you for the information.

B) Role-play your own dialogues, based on the situations given above.

Exercise 27. Speak about:

1) My University.

2) Academic Year at My University.

3) I am a first-year student.

Exercise 28. Read and translate the text, learn new words.

TEXT C. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK

Education after 16 is voluntary in United Kingdom. Students, who live in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland must take at the age of 16 the examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). In Scotland students receive the Scottish Certificate of Education. After this exam students can choose to stay on in school or attend colleges of further education.

British universities are self-governing and are guaranteed academic independence. Funding for education and research is provided by funding councils set up by Parliament. The number of universities jumped in 1992 when polytechnics and some other higher education establishments were given the right to become universities. By the end of 1994, there were some 90 universities, almost half of them former polytechnics, including the Open University.

Many of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries. All other universities in Britain were founded in the 19^th and 20^th centuries. The Open University, based in Milton Keynes, England, was founded in 1969. It uses extension techniques of correspondence courses, television and radio programmes, and video cassettes, supported by local study centres and summer schools, to provide higher education opportunities to a wide variety of people.

During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers. During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers. In the 1992-1993 academic year there were more than 1,4 million students in full or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decade earlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grants to cover tuition fees and living costs.

The size of the grant is determined by parents income. Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan.

Vocabulary

voluntary – добровольное

attend – посещать

self-governing – самоуправляемый

funding – финансирование

funding councils – советы по финансированию

to set up – основывать

significant – значительный

polytechnics – политехнические институты

extension techniques – технологии дистанционно­го образования

to reflect – отражать

decade – десятилетие

state grants – государственные гарантии

tuition fee – плата за обучение

parents income – доход родителей

student loan – студенческий заём

Add To Your Active Vocabulary

high-school diploma – школьный аттестат

graduation ceremony – выпускной экзамен

Bachelor of Science (B.S.) – бакалавр естественных наук

Bachelor of Art (B.A.) – бакалавр гуманитарных наук

Master of Art (M.A.) – магистр искусств

Master of Science (M.S.) – магистр естественных наук

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) – доктор философии

undergraduate student – студент 1-4(5) курсов

graduate student – студент 5-6 курсов

graduate school of robotics – магистратура (аспирантура) по специальности робототехника

room (lodging) and board – проживание и питание

personal expenses – личные расходы

books and supplies – книги и материалы

to be eligible for admission – быть подходящей кандидатурой для поступления

to enrol – зачислять

enrollment – зачисление

admissions office – приемная комиссия

student services office – департамент по работе со студентами

university bursar's (казначей) office – бухгалтерия университета (офис казначея)

Exercise 29. Translate into English.

1) В возрасте 16 лет каждый житель Великобритании обязан сдать экзамены на получение Сертификата о среднем образовании.

2) Британские университеты являются полностью самоуправляемыми.

3) В 1992 году Политехническим институтам была предоставлено право стать университетами.

4) Открытый университет, широко известный своими технологиями дистанционного обучения, был основан в 1969 году.

5) В 60-е годы в Соединенном королевстве наметился значительный рост числа университетов.

6) Размер гранта на обучение определяется исходя из дохода родителей.

Exercise 30. Be ready to speak about Higher Education in the UK.

Exercise 31. Read the text. Speak about the peculiarities of getting education in Cambridge.

CAMBRIDGE

Cambridge is one of the two main universities of England which is located at the Cam River. It was founded at the beginning of the 12th century. The University consists of (состоит из) 24 different colleges including 4 colleges for women. Each college is self-governing (самоуправляется).

The head of the University is the chancelor who is elected for life. The teachers are commonly called «dons» and «tutors». Part of the teaching is by means of lectures organized by the University. Besides lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system for which Cambridge University is famous all over the world. This is a system of individual tuition (обучения) organized by the colleges.

Each student has a tutor who practically guides him through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the student's work and once a week the student goes to his tutor to discuss his work with him. The training course lasts 4 years. The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural and technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography and many other subjects.

After three years of study a student may proceed (получить ученую степень) to a Bachelor's degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor. Students are required to wear gowns (мантия) at lectures, in the University library, in the street in the evening, for dinners in the colleges and for official visits. All the students must pay for their education, examinations, books, laboratories, univer­sity hostel, the use of libraries, etc. Very few students get grants. Not many children from the working class families are able to get higher education, as the cost is high. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality.

A number of great men, well-known scientists and writers stud­ied at Cambridge. Among them are: Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, Bacon, the philosopher, Milton and Byron, the poets, Cromwell, the soldier, Newton and Darwin, the scientists.

Exercise 32. Now you will get acquainted with Lynsey, a student of Information Technology at a Scottish college of further education.

a) Study this description of Lynsey’s course. Answer these questions.

1) What is the course called?

2) How long does it last?

3) What do you think these subjects are about: Communications, Numeracy?

GSVQ Level 3 in Information Technology
Length of course	One year full-time starting in August
Course content	You undertake core modules in: - Communications - Computer hardware: operation and maintenance - Computer software - Contemporary issues - Information systems - Introduction to computer networks - Information technology in business and industry - The individual in industry and work - Introduction to programming - Information technology - Numeracy - Problem-solving You also select optional units from: - Accounting - Programming - Mathematics - Systems analysis

b) Read the text below to find the answers to these questions:

1) How many students are on the course now? 2) How many female students are there? 3) What does she have on Mondays at 9.00? 4) What does she study in Programming? 5) What happens in the Software class? 6) What does she do on Wednesdays? 7) What happens in Hardware? 8) What does she study in Networks? 9) What does she do after each visit? 10) Who was at the Students' Night? 11) Where was it? 12) What sport do they play? 13) What does the Students' Union do? 14) What does Lynsey do for two nights a week? 15) Does she want a career in catering?

TEXT D. COMPUTING QUALIFICATIONS IN BRITAIN

To get a job in computing, you normally need to have a computing qualification of some kind. Students can study for a wide variety of computing qualifications.

After leaving school, students can study for further qualifications at a college of further education or a university. If they have gained ¹ enough qualifications at school, they can study for a Higher National Certificate (HNC) or Higher National Diploma (HND) at a college, or a Degree ² at a university. They can attend college to study for a vocational qualification known as a General Vocational Qualification (GVQ). In these GVQ courses ³, students study a number of subject modules and need to gain a certain number of credits ⁴ to progress to the next stage.

There is a wide variety of GVQ courses in computing including Information Technology (IT). Computing Support, and Programming, but students normally choose a course that has an emphasis ⁵ on either software and programming, computing support, or business computing. The GVQ courses can be studied on a part-time ⁶ or a full-time ⁷ basis.

Although it is mostly males that choose to do these courses, females are also strongly encouraged to participate.

The female student, Linsey by name, is living in Scotland and is at a Scottish technical college of further education studying for a Level 3 General Scottish Vocational Qualification (GSVQ) in Information Technology. There 15 students in her class: 3 girls and 12 boys. The course has a technical computer support bias ⁸ and involves subjects like communications, software support, hardware support, and networking, programming. On Mondays at 9.00 she has the Communications subject which is not about technical communications systems, but is about human communication and interaction. After it comes Numeracy 3, that is some kind of Maths. On Mondays in the afternoon Lynsey has no classes. On Tuesday in the Programming class Linsey studies computer languages like Pascal. After the coffee break Lynsey the Software class. In the Software class she studies how to use Windows and packages like databases. On Tuesday in the afternoon she has no more classes as well as on Wednesday. But sometimes they visit companies to see how they use computers. On Thursday at half past two Lynsey has the Hardware class. In the Hardware class Linsey finds out all about different things inside the computer. On Friday they have got Networks first thing. The Networks class helps to understand how computers work connected together. On a Friday afternoon that’s IT in Business and Industry. It’s applications. Then students have to write a report on each visit. Five or six pages long.

The course involves visits to computing departments in commercial organizations. As in most colleges and universities, there are a number of social activities for the students to enjoy. There's football and there was a Students' Night in Betty's Bar for all the new students to get to know each other. These are often organized by the Student Union, which is the official body run by students and representing the interests of students. They organize discos, but Linsey lives out of town so she doesn't stay on at night. Linsey also has a part-time job in the evening two nights a week just to make some extra money. She works at a hotel as a waitress, but she thinks it’s the worst hours for the worst pay.

Notes to the text

¹ To gain – получить

2 a degree [dɪ’griː] степень

3 a course [kɔːs] курс

4 a credit – зачёт

5 To have an emphasis ['emfəsɪs] – уделять большое внимание чему-л., делать акцент на чём-л.

6 part-time basis – заочная форма обучения

7 full-time basis – очная форма обучения

8 a bias ['baɪəs] наклон, уклон

c) Here is Lynsey’s weekly timetable. Some of the information is missing. Try to answer these questions about the timetable.

1) What time does she start each day? 2) When does she finish? 3) Who teaches her Computer Software? 4) Which classroom is Information Systems in? 5) When is her lunch break?

Department of Computing and Office Technology
Group: GSVQ Level 3
	Period 1 09.00 – 11.00		Period2 11.30 – 13.30		Period 3 14.30 – 16.30
MON	Communications 4 L. Maxwell 4607	C O F F E E   B R E A K		L U N C H   B R E A K
TUE		Computer Software Wendy Bright K216
WED
THUR	Information Technology 3 Wendy Bright K303	Information Systems Tom Williams K302
FRI		Computer Programming Practitioners Helen Hill K20I
Course Tutor: Fiona Wright, 125 3904, Room K104

D) Complete the blanks in the timetable.

e) Look at the answers 1–10. Make a Wh -question about Lynsey and her timetable for each answer.

Example: A: She studies Information technology.

B: What does she study?

1) They start at 9.00. 2) She works in a hotel. 3) Ms Murray teaches numeracy. 4) They last for two hours. 5) She goes on visits on Wednesdays.

6) She studies at Telford College. 7) It lasts for one year. 8) She writes a report after each visit. 9) They organize discos. 10) She works two nights a week.

F) Speak about your own timetable in English. The subject list in the task a) may help you.

Exercise 33. Read the text. Speak about the peculiarities of the system of Higher Education in the USA and in your country.

TEXT E. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA

There is no national system of higher education in the United States. Higher education is given in colleges and universities. There are over 2100 various higher educational institutions, including colleges, technological institutes and universities. The average col­lege course of study is 4 years. The academic year is usually 9 months or 2 terms (semesters) of four and a half months each. Classes usually begin in September and end in June. The first-year students are called freshmen.

Students choose a major subject (профилирующий предмет, дисциплина) and take many courses in this subject. After four years, they get a traditional Bachelor's degree. Then the students may go on to graduate school (старшие курсы) and with a year or two of further study get a Master's degree.

After another year or two of study and research, they may get a still higher degree as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D-). The student's progress is evaluated by means of tests, term works and final exami­nations in each course. The student's work is given a mark, usually on a five point scale (5-балльная система). Letters indicate the level of achievement. «А» is the highest mark. «F» denotes a failure.

Most American colleges and universities charge for tuition. The methods of instruction in the universities are lectures, discussions, laboratory and course works and seminars.

Most cities have colleges or universities that hold classes at night as well as in daytime. In this way people may work for a de­gree or just take a course in the subject that interests them.

Exercise 34. Read the letter and write the answer.

Dear Sergei,

How are you? I have received your letter of 10-th June for which I thank you very much. I am sorry I haven't written to you sooner, but I have had many things to do. You know it was a very hard year for me. I spent my time getting ready for my exams and I was doing well in many subjects. After passing the exams I was enrolled into the University. The whole course of study is four years. My major subject is mathematics. It is my favourite and my hobby. I am good at it and do maths whenever I have a chance. I take many courses in this subject. I like to take part in mathemati­cal competitions organized at our department and at the Univer­sity. I think that mathematics is «the language of science» and plays an important part in many sciences. We are lucky to have a brilliant lecturer in mathematics this term. He has a talent to take a difficult subject and make it simple. You leave the lecture hall with a feeling that mathematics is the most interesting subject under the sun. Next term I'll do research in the field of computer engineering.

And how do you feel about maths? Please, write to me, I am es­pecially interested in your life in students' hostel.

Good-bye for the present,

your friend Mike

GRAMMAR

Возвратно-усилительные местоимения

Лицо	Единственное число	Множественное число
	myself	ourselves
	yourself	yourselves
	himself herself itself	themselves
И еще неопределенно-личная форма - oneself
В роли возвратных местоимений они употребляются в функции дополнения после ряда глаголов и переводятся, как: себя, себе, собой; -сь, -ся: E.g.: I cut myself. – Я порезался. She bought herself a new dress. – Она купила себе новое платье.
В роли усилительных местоимений они употребляются с существительными или личными местоимениями для усиления их смысла. По значению они соответствуют русскому местоимению сам (сама, само, сами). Они могут стоять как в конце предложения, так и после слова, значение которого усиливают: E.g.: I saw it myself. = I myself saw it. – Я сам это видел. He can do it himself. = He himself can do it. – Он может сам это сделать.

§ 2. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, every,отрицательное местоимение по и их производные

Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения.

В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:

Give me something to read, please. I met him somewhere before.

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:

Have you seen him anywhere? Is there anything I can do for you?

В отрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные (I cannot find this book anywhere) либо отрицательное местоимение по:

There is nobody in that room. There isn't anybody in that room.

Местоимение any и его производныеможно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях в значении ‘любой’, ‘всякий’:

You can find this book anywhere. – Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.

§ 3. Местоимения many, much, little, few и местоименные вы­ражения a little и a few.

Местоимение little и местоименное выражение a little употребляются с неисчисляемыми существи­тельными, местоимение few и местоименное выраже­ние a few – с исчисляемыми:

Give me a little water, please. There is little milk in the bottle.

I have a few friends in Minsk. I've got only few pencils in the box.

Местоимения few и little означают «мало», а место­именные выражения a few и a little — «немного».

Much (много) употребляется с неисчисляемыми су­ществительными, many (много) – с исчисляемыми.

Grammar Exercises

Complete the sentences using reflexive pronouns.

1. Be careful! The knife is very sharp. Don't cut ________.

2. She never thinks about her friends. She only thinks about _______.

3. I'd like to know something about you. Tell me about ________, please.

4. The task was very difficult but he did it _________.

5. The girls cooked dinner _________.

6. We wanted to write a tale _________ and we did it.

7. Boys and girls, I'm sure you'll translate this letter _________ without my help.

Make 16 pronouns and translate them.

Образец: some + body = somebody – кто-то, кто-нибудь

some body

any one

no thing

every where

3. Insert somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody.

l. The question was so difficult that... could answer it. 2.... left his bag in our classroom yesterday. 3. Has... in this group got a dictionary? 4. I am afraid there is... in the office now. It is too late. 5.... knows that water is necessary for plants. 6. Is there... here who knows English? 7. You must find... who can help you. 6.... knew anything about our home task. 9.... can answer this question. It is very easy. 10. There is... in the next room. I don't know him. 11. Please tell us the story,... knows it. 12. Is there... in my group who lives in the hostel? 13. Has... here got a red pencil?

Translate into English.

1. Тут есть кто-нибудь? 2. В саду никого нет. 3. В нашей комнате есть кто-нибудь? 4. В классе есть кто-то. 5. Там никого нет. 6. В саду есть кто-нибудь? 7. На столе есть что-нибудь? — Нет, там ничего нет. 8. В сум­ке что-то есть. 9. В этой книге есть что-нибудь интересное? 10. На стене есть какие-нибудь картины? — Да, там есть несколько. 11. В кабинете директора есть кто-нибудь? — Нет, там никого нет. 12. В нашей библиотеке есть какие-то книги на английском языке. 13. В вашей библиотеке есть какие-нибудь книги на английском языке? 14. Мой друг не хочет мне ничего сказать. 15. Я хочу провести летние каникулы где-нибудь на берегу Черного моря. 16. Если вы голодны, поищите что-нибудь в холодильнике. 17. Расскажите нам все о вашем путешествии. 18. Никто нигде не помог ему.

5. Insert much, many, little, a little, few, a few.

1. I'd like to say... words about my travelling. 2. She gave him... water to wash his hands and face. 3. He had... English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt... tired. 5. Let's stay here... longer. I like it here. 6. There were... new words in the text and Peter spent... time learning them. 7. There was... sugar in the bowl, and we had to put... sugar there. 8. My mother knows German... and she can help you with the translation of this text. 10. When we walked... farther down the road we met another group of pupils. 11. Have you got... time before the lesson?

6. Translate into English:

Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много сахара, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учи­телей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, мно­го машин.

7. Insert much or many:

1. Please don't ask me... questions. 2. How... money have you got? 3.1 never eat... bread with soup. 4. Why did you eat so... ice-cream? 5. She wrote us... letters from the country. 6.... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 7.... in this work was too difficult for me. 8. He spent... time writing his composition in Literature. 9. There were... plates on the table. 10. Thank you very...! 11.... of my friends are preparing for their entrance examinations now. 12. I don't like... sugar in my tea.

8. Translate into English:

1. В стакане есть немного молока. 2. В тетради ос­талось мало чистых страниц. 3. У тебя много кофе? — Нет, очень мало. 4. Немногие из англичан говорят по-русски. 5. У них здесь очень мало друзей. 6. У него очень мало времени для чтения. 7. У Петра много рус­ских книг и мало английских книг. 8. У меня есть не­много времени вечером, чтобы закончить эту работу. 9. Я провожу много времени в библиотеке, потому что я готовлюсь к экзаменам.

Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

1. Односложные (и некоторые двусложные, оканчивающиеся на –y, -er, -ow, -le, а также некоторые, имеющие ударение на втором слоге) прилагательные и наречия образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления суффикса -еr, превосходную – путем прибавления суффикса -est:

high – higher – the highest (высокий – выше – самый высокий)

big – bigger – the biggest (большой – больше – самый большой)

happ y – happ ier – the happ iest

whit e – whit er – the whit est

2. Остальные двусложные прилагательные, многосложные прилагательные и наречия, оканчивающиеся на -lу, образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления слов more (less), превосходную – путем прибавления слов most (least):

interesting – more (less) interesting – the most (least) interesting

easily – more (less) easily – most (least) easily.

3. Ряд прилагательных и наречий являются исключениями:

good,well (хороший, хорошо) – better (лучше) – (the)best (самый хороший)

bad, badly (плохой, плохо) – worse (хуже) – (the) worst (самый плохой)

little (маленький, мало) – less (меньше) – (the) least (наименьший)

many (much) – more – (the) most

far – farther (о расстоянии), further (о времени и расстоянии) – (the) farthest (furthest)

near – nearer – (the) nearest (о расстоянии), (the) next (о порядке следования)

late – later – (the) latest (о времени), last ( о порядке следования )

old – older (о возрасте), elder (о старшинстве) – the oldest (the eldest)

Существительное, определяемое прилагательным в превосходной степени, всегда имеет определенный артикль: the largest building.

Теперь о том, как всем этим пользоваться:

­1) Когда сопоставляются равные вещи:

This program is as iпteresting as that оnе. (так же... как и...)

­2) Koгда сопоставляются вещи для сравнения:

Тhis program is not so iпteresting as that оnе. (не такой... как...)

This program is more iпteresting than that оnе. (... чем...)

­3) Когдa сопоставляются вещи для подчеркивания уникальности:

This program is the most iпteresting оf all I saw. (... из...)

­4) much, fаr, bу fаr + прилaгательное ­– Haмнoro более, гораздо + прилaгательное в сравнительной степени:

а much easier way ­– rораздо более леrкий путь

5) Чем..., тем...:

The mоrе уоu have, the mоrе уоu want. ­ Чем больше ты имеешь, тем больше ты хочешь.

The colder it is, the better I feel. ­ Чем холоднее, тем.лучше я себя чувствую.)

6) Все более...:

Your English is getting better and better. ­ Ваш английский становится все лучше.

It was getting darker and darker. ­ Становилось все темнее.

Grammar Exercises

9. Give the positive degree:

larger; better; earliest; redder; nearest; higher; nearer; deeper; smaller; harder; easier; fewer.

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10. Give the word­groups with the opposite meaning:

а bad model; а more reliable method; the nearest way; the worst variant; а least effective device; а better way; а less reliable device; а more interesting document.

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11. Give comparative and superlative degree:

a) large, tall, long, easy, hot, big, cold, nice, bad, strong, short, wide, good, happy, high, low, busy, well, little, many, far;

wonderful, necessary, quickly, interesting, com­fortable, popular, active, famous, pleasant, beautiful, slowly, clearly.

b) fast compression; а good and easy way; much information; (менее) reli­аblе device; few disks; bad results.

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Choose correct variant.

1) BASIC is popularest / more popular оn microcomputers. 2) BASIC is оnе of more easy / the most easy / the easiest) programming languages. 3) The purpose of computers is to solve most / main complex problems. 4) What is а good / а better / the best way to compile а program? 5) А bit is а small / the smallest / the small unit of information. 6) Much fewer / less details are necessary for the new model. 7) BASIC is а low / high level programming language. З) Higher / high mathematics is а basic subject.

Compare.

­1) ARJ is efficient with documents. ARJ is much more efficient with 1arger documents. 2) The old computers were less efficient than the modern ones. The old соmputers were by far less efficient than the modern ones. З) ARJ is the best in compression. It compresses а little better than ARJ.7.00.

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