Vocabulary exercises. I. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian and use them in the sentences of your own:

I. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian and use them in the sentences of your own:

to consist of; to include; unicellular/multicellular organisms; basic features; substance; to contain; to carry; according to; a major difference; location; a variety of tasks; to be absent; two types of cells; an example of the disparity; to have high rates; a few million; tiny; with the help of.

II. Choose the synonyms of the following words from the text. Translate them:

unicellular, major, substance, location, rate, particularly, prominent, to convert

percentage, main, position, matter, multicellular, noticeable, especially, to turn

III. Choose the antonyms of the following words from the text. Translate them:

complex, to contain, tiny, double, presence, unique, high, active, direct, to extract, to absorb

low, indirect, to insert, single, passive, common, to exude, enormous, absence, to exclude, easy

IV. Match the word (1-18) and its definition (a-r):

1. ribosomes	a. a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
2. nucleolus	b. a macromolecule serving as a catalyst
3. chromosomes	c. one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria
4. chloroplasts	d. the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus
5. mitochondria	e. site of genes for rRNA synthesis
6. nucleus	f. small, complex assemblies of protein and RNA, often bound to endoplasmic reticulum
7. archaea	g. long threads of DNA that form a complex with protein
8. eukaryotic cell	h. Bacteria-like elements with membranes containing chlorophyll, a photosynthetic pigment
9. prokaryotic cell	i. the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
10. protist	j. the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition
11. organelle	k. a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
12. plasma membrane	l. the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules
13. cytoplasm	m. any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water
14. cytosol	n.any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
15. enzyme	o. bacteria-like elements with double membrane
16. cellular respiration	p. an informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus
17. phospholipid	q. structure (usually spherical) surrounded by double membrane that contains chromosomes
18. lipid	r. a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

V. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

1. properties, a, The, unit, cell, is, tiny, that, essential, of, contains, life.

2. organelles, component, all, of, Membranes, are, an, almost, essential, cells.

3. that, Cytoplasm, different, a variety of, have, organelles, contains, functions.

4. essential, both, Nucleus, the, and, of, are, cytoplasm, the, organism, to, life.

5. chlorophyll, the, have, green, Scientists, that, know, algae.

6. bacteria, kinds, and, share, There, prokaryotes:, two, that, are, similar, of, archaea, a, structure.

7. plants, of, inorganic, and, contain, Bodies, animals, substances.

8. every, body, Certain, processes, take, in, place, vital, plant, season.

9. In, experiments, we, laboratories, different, carry out.

10. two, consists, Any, nucleus, ordinary, the, central, and, cell, of, – a, parts, cytoplasm.

VI. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:

Клітина – елементарна жива система, яка складається з двох основних частин – цитоплазми та ядра. Вона є основою будови, розвитку життєдіяльності усіх тваринних та рослинних організмів. Клітинна будова є на різних рівнях організації живої природи. Таким чином, клітини, які складають тіло бактерій та простіших, є самостійними організмами; на відміну від цього, клітини, що входять до складу тканей багатоклітинних організмів, являють собою елементи, що повністю підкорені цілісному організму. Основний план будови тваринних та рослинних клітин схожий, проте останні відрізняються деякими особливими рисами.

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