X. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.

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XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:

1. Your younger sister comes up to you and asks what a cell is. Explain her what it is.

2. Ask your friend if there is any difference between a green plant cell and an animal cell, and between a cell membrane and a cell wall. Discuss his/her answer.

3. Your friend says that the words “protoplasm” and “cytoplasm” are synonyms. Explain the difference and prove that.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Write the plural form of the following nouns. Translate them:

child, goose, wolf, phenomenon, fish, man, mouse, loaf, leaf, family, dress, tooth, fly, shelf, woman, tomato, match, glass, bush, nucleus.

II. Write the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. Translate them:

hot, expensive, deep, dirty, interesting, wet, brave, good, beautiful, thin, talented, busy, bad, pale, important, difficult, big, sharp, fat, heavy.

III. Complete the sentences using the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives given in brackets:

1. — Boris is certainly (clever) than his brother. — Yes, and he is (attractive) than his brother Peter. In fact, he is (smart) boy I’ve ever taught. 2. Nothing could be (extravagant) than buying such an expensive car. You will have to be (careful) with your money in future. 3. Life is getting (hard) and (complicated) with every passing day. 4. It is (effective) method of all, but it is naturally costly. 5. Stephen is (intelligent) than any other boy in his group. 6. It has been (cold) day in Moscow for thirty years. 7. It’s (little) I can do for you, I’m afraid. 8. That was (bad) than he had expected. 9. That was indeed (bad) experience in his career. 10. They naively think that things can only get (good). 11. This is (unbelievable) news I have ever heard. 12. He ate (few) French fries than you did at the picnic. 13. Angela is (little) organized than Mike. 14. If you ask me, Moscow is (beautiful) than any other city in the world. 15. They had (little) and (little) to talk about. 16. It is axiomatic that (great) the student’s individual effort, (much) thorough will be his learning. 17. The (much) original a discovery, the (much) obvious it seems afterwards.

IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian bearing in mind the various meanings of the words in italics:

1. The finer is the soil, the easier will the roots penetrate into it. 2. The longer the days, the shorter the nights. 3. The more scientists learn about protoplasm, the more interesting is its further investigation. 4. The longer the man lives, the more he learns. 5. The nearer the temperature approaches the freezing point of water, the less biological activities will take place in the soil. 6. The more you read, the better. 7. The sooner we learn it, the better it will be for us.

V. Insert (a) few, (a) little:

1. Wait, I’ll pick ___ roses for you from my garden. 2. ___ people could resist such a temptation. 3. The patient has made ___ progress in the last couple of weeks. 4. There is ___ progress in the business. We must take some measures to improve it. 5. – Could you give me ___ information on the trip? – There is ___ I can tell you, sir. It’s out of the list. 6. Paul put ___ coins in the slot, thought ___, and then dialed the number. 7. Let’s go to the market and buy ___ fruit and ___ carrots. 8. There is ___ furniture in our country house. We need to buy ___ more things. 9. I’m still hungry. I think I’ll have ___ more fish. 10. When I was a child, we kept ___ pigeons in our back yard. 11. If I accept that job, I’ll make ___ more money. 12. There are ___ cars on the road today. It’s Sunday. 13. Many questions were asked, but ___ were answered. 14. Wait ___, there are still ___ things to attend to. 15. Even now there is ___ we can do to improve the weather.

VI. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:

1. There is a lot of fruit this year. 2. There are a lot of apple trees in our garden. 3. There are a lot of slang words in his vocabulary. 4. There is a lot of interesting news in today’s e-mail. 5. There are a lot of things which you still don’t understand. 6. There is a lot of snow in winter in Siberia. 7. There are a lot of sights in every capital. 8. There is a lot of pollution in big cities. 9. We had a lot of fun at the party. 10. There is a lot of sunny weather in Italy. 11. Helen has a lot of good ideas. 12. My elder brother helps me a lot. 13. One should have a lot of patience to catch fish. 14. English people send a lot of cards on Christmas. 15. This journalist wrote a lot of books about famous people.

VII. Open the brackets using the Indefinite Tenses. Translate the sentences:

1. What time Andrea usually ___ (to get) up? 2. I ___ (not to go) to the shop yesterday. 3. My friend ___ (to help) me with Maths tomorrow. 4. He ___ (not to play) any musical instrument. 5. In 1990 they ___ (to go) to Australia. 6. My elder brother ___ (to be) a student next year. 7. Andrew ___ (not to know) her. 8. Everybody ___ (to have) a good time last Saturday? 9. Where you ___ (to go) in a month? 10. They rarely ___ (to visit) their grandparents. 11. This man ___ (to know) from his experience what it ___ (to mean). 12. Nothing ___ (to happen) by accident. 13. My great-grandmother is very old, but she ___ (to hear, to see and to understand) everything quite well. 14. They ___ (to carry out) a huge survey last week. 15. It ___ (to happen) many centuries ago. 16. The conference ___ (to start) in a minute or two. 17. These first-year students ___ (to want) to know if there ___ (to be) any tests on Thursday.

Test your grammar:

1. Ben doesn’t work very hard; Bill works _____.

a) more harder

b) harder

c) more hard

d) the hardest

2. Can you tell me the shortest way to _____ bookstore?

a) near

b) nearer

c) nearest

d) the nearest

3. David wants to be strong and healthy that’s why he _____ every morning.

a) jog

b) jogs

c) jogged

d) has jogged

4. Paul says he is 56 years old, but nobody _____ him.

a) believe

b) believes

c) don’t believe

d) doesn’t believe

5. How many _____ of bread do you want me to buy?

a) loafs

b) loafes

c) loaves

d) loavs

6. A typical English scenery includes green slopes with _____ and a castle in the background.

a) sheep

b) sheeps

c) sheepes

d) sheepps

7. When I first _____ to England in 1938, I thought I knew English fairly well.

a) come

b) has come

c) had come

d) came

8. In 1912 the Titanic _____ an iceberg on its first trip across the Atlantic, and it sank four hours later.

a) hits

b) hit

c) will hit

d) hitted

9. I don't know when Professor Johnson _____ to his office, but when he comes, I'll speak to him about it.

a) will come

b) come

c) comes

d) came

10. It's too late to telephone Tom now. I think I _____ him in the morning.

a) called

b) call

c) will call

d) calls

UNIT 3. THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE

Wordbuilding:Conversion; the change of stress in some nouns and verbs Grammar: I. The Article II. Pronouns. Indefinite pronouns (some/any; one/ones) III. The Continuous Tenses (Active Voice) Text A: Molecules of life Text B: Amino Acids

WORDBUILDING

n → v: a play – to play; a doctor – to doctor

water – to water; a tie – to tie

trouble – to trouble; work – to work

a master – to master; a house – to house

I. Make verbs from the following nouns. Translate them into Ukrainian:

turn, smile, smoke, snow, start, stay, step, stop, study, talk, visit, rest, air, paper, cover, handle, cause, watch, act, address, answer, brush, clean, cross, crowd, wave, wish, work, dance, doubt, dress, end, fight, help, hope, joke, laugh, lift, light, love, mind, paper, pencil, place, plan, play, post, reply, report, return, sail, show.

II. Read the following words paying attention to the stress. Translate them into Ukrainian:

an accent – to accent , a contract – to contract , a content – to content , a contest – to contest , a convict – to convict , a perfect – to perfect , a record – to record , export – to export , a present – to present , a contact – to contact , contrast – to contrast , an increase – to increase , a decrease – to decrease , an object – to object , a subject – to subject , a process – to process , affect – to affect .

III. Say what verbs were these words made from. Translate them into Ukrainian:

protection, show, writer, worker, movement, investigation, achievement, statement, reader, department, equipment, construction, organization, reporter, arrival, improvement, conductor, establishment, development, education, definition, regulation, assistance, agreement.

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES:

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

to enable

diversity

enough

to share

nucleic

scale

to consider

biochemist

to determine

architecture

to vary

уможливлювати

різноманіття

достатньо

поділяти

нуклеїнова

масштаб

брати до уваги

біохімік

визначати

архітектура

відрізнятися

vast

immense

roughly

emergent

trait

to mix

wax

dynamic

covalent

bond

to depend on

численний

колосальний

приблизно

новий

властивість

змішуватися

віск

динамічний

ковалентний

зв’язок

залежати від

to underscore

to account for

to speed up

generation

selectively

storage

підкреслювати

складати

пришвидшувати

покоління

вибірково

зберігання

to mean

dry

consistent

defense

sophisticated

support

позначати

сухий

який узгоджується

захист

складний

підтримка

II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:

molecule n, molecular adj, macromolecule n, carbohydrate n, lipid n, acid n, sugars n, polysaccharide n, glucose n, polymer n, hydrophobic adj, hydrocarbon n, steroid n, catalyst n, chemical adj agent n.