Translate and learn the following names of the vehicles.

tipper / dumper truck (Br. E) dump truck (Am. E)	cement mixer concrete mixer	articulated lorry (Br. E) tractor-trailer (Am. E)
flatbed	jeep	van

Seven names of vehicles have been hidden in the box below. Find them.

Q	P	V	B	N	N
F	L	A	T	S	M
T	A	N	K	E	R
W	T	T	A	U	R
S	F	I	X	E	T
H	O	P	P	E	R
P	R	P	I	R	U
A	M	E	Y	T	C
Q	V	R	C	H	K

8. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in capitals:

Example: It will be ………… to discuss each of these problems separately. (USE – useful)

a) She stared at me with her eyes …………… with tears.	FILL
b) Soon the cost of …………… will be greater than the profit from the crop.	FERTILE
c) The company offered their services at …………… prices so no wonder that they won the bid.	COMPETE
d) Industry has been revolutionized by the …………… of the computer.	ARRIVE
e) The loan was only a temporary …………… to the country's financial problems.	SOLVE
f) These flats are not really …………… for families with children.	SUIT
g) All goods must be paid for before ……………	DELIVER

Fill in the correct preposition which goes with the underlined word. Some of them may be used more than once.

from … to …, on, up, for, with, to

Example: Some of me limitations imposed … on … traffic operators by the previous government should be discussed and changed.

a) It's extremely difficult for transport operators to find a solution ……… the 'empty leg' problem.

b) His son's lies filled him ……… anger.

c) Prices of wine in this shop range ……… £7 ……… £40.

d) He walked over to a closet that he used ……… hanging up his clothes.

e) It's fun to move ……… project ……… project.

f) He rolled ……… the sleeping bag so that he could put it into his rucksack.

g) Both car crash victims were dead ……… arrival at the hospital.

10. Substitute the words in italics with their synonyms from the list below:

move, discharge, impose, huge, agricultural, class, limitation, spoil, commodity

Example: His behaviour during the wedding party ruined therelationships with his wife's family. (spoiled)

a) Great barges stop here to unload rice from Thailand.

b) Grains and milk are transported to the factory from the farming areas around the town.

c) She was a strict mother and enforced severe discipline on her children.

d) Very large wooden earrings dangled from her ears.

e) The Board introduced financial restrictions to save the company’s budget.

f) We can identify only one type of solvents which may wash out this kind of paint.

g) The best land is reserved for such products as coffee, cotton and bananas.

h) British prisoners were transported to Australia.

11. Complete the messages from amessage board on the Internet. Use a, the or one.

Message 1: posted by Martin

I think it's (o)........ good idea to exercise outdoors, it's good to be outside in........ fresh air. I live quite near …… sea, so it's quite easy for me to do my favourite sport - surfing. It's so exciting. There's only.......... surf dub in my town - I joined it last year. I also went on holiday with some friends from …… club-surfing, of course!

Message 2: posted by Sammy

I go running with.......... friend. We plan our routes carefully because we enjoy running more if …… route is interesting. We try and run in places that are nice. My favourite route takes us down …… hill, along …… river, back up......... hill and past …… small wood.

Message 3: posted by Lisa

We only have........ leisure centre in our town, but I’ve joined........ girls' basketball team there and I really enjoy it. I go swimming too. There isn't …… pool in …… leisure centre, but when I go into Norwich, I go to …… pool there.

12. Complete the blanks with a (an), the or zero article.

Ferrari

… Enzo Ferrari’s death in August 1988 was …… sad occasion. However, it did release …… company from …… grip of his idiosyncratic ways and enabled …… firm to move into …… new era. …… appointment of Luca di Montezemolo in December 1991 was …… beginning of …… series of …… changes. His aim was to invest in …… research and …… development and to bridge …… gap between …… racing and production car businesses. He also introduced …… sponsorship, although …… constructor still has fewer names on its cars than …… other teams. …… CEO is steering …… narrow course between modernizing …… company while trying to avoid diluting …… mystique that makes …… brand so great.

13. Complete the conversation. Use a, the or –.

A: Shall we have …… lunch now or later?

B: Let's have it now. Let's go to that cafein …… South Street - the one near …… Pizza Express. My neighbours, …… Armstrongs, often go there and they say it's very good.

A: All right! I went there with …… Jamie once, a long time ago. It was quite nice.

B: OK. I just want to stop at a newsagent's. I want to get …… Times.There's a good article in it about Costa Rica. It's an amazing place. They say that there are about …… million different species of animals and plants there.

A: Really? That's а lot!

B: I saw a programme about it on …… TV once and I was fascinated by it. I'd love to go there and see all the birds and animals.

A; Have you always been interested in …… natural history?

B: Yes. I really love it.

14. Comment on the following famous words:

· The world is a book and those who do not travel, read only a page. (Saint Augustine)

· A man travels the world over in search of what he needs, and returns home to find it. (George Moore)

Text 3 PUBLIC TRANSPORT

1. Which means of transport is the most popular in your country for travelling:

to work? on business trips? on holidays?

2. Is it the same in cities like London or New York? What about some other cities abroad that you visited?

3. Why do people choose these different forms of transport?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of travelling around the city by car / bus / tram / motorbike / underground, etc.?

5. Which one do you choose going to the university?

6. Which do you think is the most advisable form of transport in a city during rush hours? Think about the cost, problems, convenience, etc.

Public transport is the central plank of any sustainable transport policy. Many environmental and social problems are caused by our dependence on the car and subsequent rising traffic levels. But if more people are to use public transport for more journeys we need to see a substantial change in the quality and quantity of services.

In a modern world people need to travel and indeed the ability to travel opens up many wonderful opportunities. But if we are all going to enjoy the benefits of travel, we have to tackle how we travel. In part that means rethinking what sort of journeys actually need to be made. It also means encouraging walking or cycling, and fundamentally it means making a shift from private to public transport: to trains, buses and trams. How many times have we sat in, or walked, or cycled past a traffic jam and counted how many cars are occupied only by the driver? This is not a rational way of getting from A to B. There are four main reasons why people in most situations, given a choice between private and public transport, opt for the private car. Once a car has been purchased, taxed and insured there is a strong incentive to use it for as many journeys as possible. The user accounts for the journey costs purely in terms of the fuel used. This may not seem fair when comparing costs of motoring with costs of using public transport but it is a fact of life which must be accepted.

Public transport is perceived by the average citizen as being very inferior to the car as a means of travel. In terms of flexibility and convenience, the car has the major advantage of direct control by the user. The journey can be planned without reference to a fixed route or a timetable. Given the constraints of road layouts and the availability of parking spaces, the car owner can choose the most convenient route, gain door-to-door travel and set off at a time of the owner's choosing. Even when held up by congestion certain flexibility is retained because it may be possible to switch to an alternative route. Where this is not possible, the comfort of the car makes waiting in a traffic jam more tolerable than on public transport.

As car interiors have become more refined, with better seating, ventilation and sound proofing, and more extras such as cassette players, the level of comfort throughout the journey is much higher in a car than on public transport. The most important advantage is the undoubtedly shorter journey times offered by the car door-to-door. The exception to this rule is where the journey is very short, making walking quicker, or where origin and destination are very close to public transport links. In general car speeds can be as much as two and a half times faster than a bus. The bus has to stop and pick up / set down passengers and road improvements generally favour the car. In order to encourage people out of cars and onto trains, buses and trams, public transport should be made more competitive with the car.

7. Answer the following questions:

a) Most of the cars in traffic jam ‘are occupied only by one driver’. Why isn’t it ‘a rational way of getting from A to B’?

b) Why do so many people favour private cars over public transport?

c) What could be done to make people use public transport instead of their cars?

d) What is door-to-door travel?

8. One of the suggestions discussed in debate on public transport concerns charging drivers in cities to prevent them from driving in the city centers. Read the sentences below and decide which of them are for and against the idea. Which of them do you agree with?

Should the public be charged to drive in cities?

a) It will make people think about alternatives before they drive into cities.

b) It is the only way to reduce traffic.

c) Business will be badly affected.

d) It will lead to more congestion and pollution in other areas.

e) Most car journeys are short, so people could walk or cycle instead.

f) People will just pay and grumble. It won’t stop them driving.

g) If traffic is reduced it will make city streets much nicer places to be.

h) It would generate income that could be spent on green transport schemes.

i) Pollution in inner cities (an area near a centre of a large city where a lot of social problems exist) is a big problem so any incentive to leave the car behind would help.

j) Public transport isn’t cheap or convenient enough to replace cars – for many journeys there is no alternative.

Find ten words in the word square and match them with their definitions.

a) A set of plans, actions, agreed on by a government, political party, etc. – p __________

b) Relating to society and to people’s lives – s __________

c) A situation in which you need sb or sth in order to live or succeed – d __________

d) A high standard – q __________

e) The amount of something – q __________

f) Something you are capable of doing – a __________

g) Travelling from one place to another – j __________

h) Chances to do something – o __________

i) Going on foot – w __________

j) Going by bicycle – c __________

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Use the words from Exercise 3 to complete the sentences below. You may need to change the form of some words.

Example: CYCLING is Europe’s second most popular sport.

a) They try to address __________ problems such as unemployment and poor health.

b) Tiredness can seriously impair your __________ to drive.

c) I think this trip sounds like a wonderful __________.

d) We went ___________ in the Malvern Hills.

e) We offer our customers a __________ product at a reasonable price.

f) What’s the party’s __________ on immigration?

g) Saturated facts can be bad for your health if consumed in large __________.

h) The main topic of the conference was the __________ of Europe on imported foods.

i) They went on a long train __________ across India.

11. Find the words in the text that have opposite meaning to the following:

a) Private - __________. b) Superior - __________.

c) Minor - __________. d) Flexible - __________.

e) Fixed - __________.

12. Match the words that have a similar meaning:

1. buy	a) competitive
2. economical	b) account for
3. sensible	c) purchase
4. stimulus	d) rational
5. basically	e) fundamentally
6. in fact	f) incentive
7. explain	g) actually

Complete the sentences below with the words from the exercises above.

a) This model is technically s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to its competitors.

b) Human beings are infinitely _ _ _ _ _ _ l _ and able to adjust when survival depends on it.

c) Please ensure that you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e your ticket in advance.

d) The media has a powerful influence on _ _ _ _ i _ opinion.

e) The sign said, ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ e property. Keep out.’

f) There have been some problems but _ a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it’s a good system.

g) Age is a _ a _ _ _ factor affecting chances of employment.

h) How do you _ _ _ o _ _ _ for the film’s success?

i) Some _ _ _ _ r changes may be necessary.

j) The new tax should act as a s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to exports.

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in capitals.

a) The courses are designed to allow maximum flexibility.	FLEXIBLE
b) The article makes no ………… to his life abroad.	REFER
c) I find the new system much more …………	CONVENIENCE
d) Before travelling we must ensure the ………… of petrol and oil.	AVAILABLE
e) There is ………… a great deal of truth in what he says.	DOUBT
f) We expect to see further ………… over the coming year.	IMPROVE
g) We have a new ………… each term, showing the times of each class.	TABLE
h) We need to work harder to remain ………… with other companies.	COMPETE
i) The report calls for the ………… forest management.	SUSTAIN
j) The Minister discussed ………… issues.	ENVIRONMENT

Complete each sentence with a word from the list, which presents different traffic participants.

chauffer, conductor, motorist, steward, mechanic, cyclist, traffic warden, driver, pedestrian.

Example: The company chairman has a Rolls-Royce driven by a chauffer.

a) When my car broke down, a passing __________ towed it to the garage.

b) Tony was given a parking ticket by a __________.

c) John works as a _________ in a local garage.

d) There isn’t a __________ on this bus, you pay the driver.

e) David is a keen __________ and rides his bike to work every day.

f) The police asked me to describe the __________ of the car.

g) The car mounted the pavement and injured a __________.

h) Before take-off, the __________ told me to fasten my seat belt.

Put adjectives into the correct form (Degrees of Comparison).

a) The …… (long) I think of this car, the …… (much) I like it.

b) It is …… (good) to get there by the underground than by bus.

c) Automotive design is …… (interesting) subject at our university.

d) The …… (short) the lever, the …… (great) effort you need to lift the weight.

e) He is …… (good) student in our group. He managed to enter this university without any difficulty and passes all his exams easily.

f) The bus system is …… (reliable) in London than in Kyiv and the streets are …… (clean).

g) A design goal may range from solving …… (little) significant individual problem of …… (small) element to …… (influential) goals.

h) To achieve …… (elegant) and stylish look, a designer uses …… (expensive) materials.

i) Is this brand as …… (famous) as that one?

j) Do you have …… (much) or …… (little) free time now than you had last year? What is …… (interesting) thing that you like to do?

17. What can you tell about Kyiv city transport system? What kind of transport is used most frequently? Are you satisfied with its work? What can be done to make our public transport system better and help city-dwellers?

Text 4 EFFICIENCY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

1. Read the dictionary entry for the word 'efficiency'.

efficiency - the quality of doing something well with no waste of time or money,

e.g. improvements in efficiency at the factory

Which of the following can improve your efficiency as a student:

walking	a new ball-pen	carefully planned diet
buying new clothes	more time spent in a library	a computer
watching TV	more tune spent in a pub	a good timetable?

Which of the following can improve efficiency of public transport:

more modem buses	bigger plates with bus numbers	some extra equipment inside buses/trams
new bus / tram routes	bigger buses	city plan on every means of transport?
punctuality	cheaper fares
24 hour service	more frequent ticket controls

2. Have you got any experience connected with using public transport anywhere abroad? Compare it with public transport in Ukraine. List some advantages and disadvantages.

3. What is your opinion about public transport in Kyiv?

4. How much does it cost to travel by bus / tram in your city? Is there one fare only? Does it cost more at different times? Are there any special tickets if you travel a lot every day?

Read the text to find out what proposals are being discussed to make public transport more efficient.

From the passenger's point of view it is quite possible to identify two views of public transport efficiency. The first is that there is a service on offer when the individual passenger requires it. The second is that although the service supplied may not meet the exact needs of individual passengers, at least it is predictable and meets the major requirements of passenger journeys. However, a great number of passengers perceive that public transport is inefficient because the service does not go where the passenger requires and it often does not go where and when timetabled. That is why actions should be undertaken by the public transport operator to increase the perceived efficiency of public transport in the minds of the general population. Better trains, buses and trams should actually meet people's needs.

Some of the proposals of the London operator, Transport 2000, include:

· Modem and efficient public transport: high quality services that work well and attractive rail and bus stations with high quality facilities.

· A comprehensive and growing public transport network, including new train lines and re-openings, extensions of bus services in rural areas and the use of taxi-buses.

· An integrated system: buses that connect with trams that connect with trains that lead to cycle lanes and taxi-buses taking people home from the station. Tickets need to be integrated, too. (In Holland you can buy an add-on to your train ticket for a taxi at the other end that will take you to your door for about £2!)

· Cheap, straightforward fares, including a national rail card, a cheap flat fare on buses, free travel for older people and no complicated restrictions on when people can use their tickets. (In countries like Holland and Switzerland people already have a national rail card.)

· Accessible transport that we can all use, from the ticket office to boarding and alighting, regardless of physical ability or age. Public transport should be designed in such a way that you can use it with a pushchair or wheelchair, or if you have a visual impairment.

· Priority for public transport: we need more bus lanes and priority traffic lights that let buses through first.

· Peace of mind: the need for more staff on duty and better lighting at bus and train stations and on their approaches to combat crime and fear of crime, especially among vulnerable sections of the community.

· Safe travel: although trains and buses are statistically safer than cars we must make sure that when accidents do happen they are not repeated. In particular, we need to see investment in safety measures to prevent trains passing signals at danger.

· A flexible and door-to-door service: one of the advantages of a car is that we can decide to go somewhere right now and just set off direct from our own door. We should be able to do likewise with public transport. That's why we should aim, wherever possible, for a public transport system that enables you to go from your door to the address you are travelling to, on one ticket, without having to book in advance and without a series of long waits.

· Accountability: our public transport system should be responsive to what the public want. It must be geared to meeting people's needs.

6. Which proposals listed in the text seem the most important to you? Put them all in the order of importance (1 – the most important, 10 – the least important). Compare your answers with those of your partner. Justify your choice.

a) high quality services	b) priority for public transport
c) a comprehensive public transport system	d) peace of mind
e) an integrated system	f) safe travel
g) cheap fares	h) a flexible door-to-door service
i) accessible transport	j) accountability

Combine words from two columns to make proper collocations. Use them in sentences of your own.

Example: Cross the road at the second set of traffic lights.

1. undertake	a) of view
2. high quality	b) in advance
3. meet	c) measures
4. traffic	d) actions
5. safety	e) lights
6. book	f) on duty
7. point	g) needs
8. staff	h) services

8. Explain these adjectives according to the example given:

Private, delicate, frequent, dependent.

‘-cy’ combines with adjectives (adj.) to form nouns (n.) which refer to the state, quality or experience described by the adj.

Example: efficient (adj.) – efficiency (n.) is the quality of being efficient (=able to do a task successfully and without wasting time or energy)

Find the words hidden in the jumbles.

a) the quality of being able to do a task successfully without wasting time	YFCINECFIE
b) to get off a vehicle	TGAHLI
c) a new train line that is added to the existing line	XESNIETNO
d) a card that allows you to travel by train at a lower price than usual	LDIARRAC
e) the right to go before someone or something else	TIIYROP
f) easy for anyone to obtain and use	BAEELSCSCI
g) bent easily without breaking or adapting to different conditions	EBLXFIEL
h) up-to-date, contemporary	DRENOM

Fill the missing words in. The first one has been done for you.

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
require	requirement	required, requiring
supply
	need
	operator, operation
increase
		active
open
	extension
	use
	connection
restrict
	repetition
		decisive
	response

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in capitals.

a) Some of the ………… of the local authorities refer to grooving public transport network.	PROPOSE
b) They plan the ………… of bus services in rural areas.	EXTEND
c) The new idea of ………… tickets will reduce the costs of the journey.	INTEGRATE
d) People with ………… impairment shouldn’t have problems while using public means of transport.	VISION
e) Better ………… at bus and train station will improve passengers’ safety.	LIGHT
f) Public transport is ………… safer than private cars.	STATISTIC
g) Public transport should be ………… to public wants and demands.	RESPOND
h) Public transport meets major ………… of passenger journey.	REQUIRE

Put each of the following words in correct place.

Fare, sliding doors, platform, conductor, crew, cab, double-decker, bus stop, driver, rush hour, tube, destination, inspector, subway, lift, hail, single-decker, taxi-rank, metro, coach, meter, escalator, conductress, check, tip, rack.

A taxi, sometimes called a ________, is the most comfortable way to travel. You simply ________ the taxi in the street or go to a ________, where there are several taxis waiting, for example at a station. At the end of your journey, you can see how much the ________ is by looking at the ________. You add a ________ to this and that’s it. Very simple, but expensive.

What about taking a bus? If it has two floors, it’s called a ________ and you can get a good view from the top. If it has only one floor, it’s called a ________. Most buses have a two-person ________: the ________, who drives, of course and the ________, (or ________ if it’s a woman) who takes your money. Keep your ticket because an ________ might want to ________ it. You catch a bus by waiting at a ________. You can see where a bus is going because the ________ is written on the front. But try to avoid the ________.

Quicker than the bus is the underground (called the ________ in London, the ________ in New York and the ________ in Paris and many other cities). You buy your ticket at the ticket at the ticket-office. Go down to the ________ on the ________ or in the ________. The train comes. The ________ open. You get on. You look at the map of the underground system. Very simple.

For longer distances take a train or a long distance bus, usually called a ________, which is slower but cheaper. The train is very fast. Put your luggage on the ________, sit and wait till you arrive.

13. Explain the difference between:

a) A carriage and a compartment

b) A season ticket and a return ticket

c) A bus driver and a bus conductor

d) A train driver and a guard

Put the verb into the correct tense form (Simple Tenses). Translate the sentences.

a) Unfortunately, we … (to have) trouble with the central heating system of the university building next month.

b) Designing often … (to require) to consider the aesthetic and functional aspects. It … (to demand) research, thought, modeling and re-design.

c) There … (to be) a great demand for cars in many countries, so I hope that we … (easily/to find) interesting, well-paid job.

d) Some parts of the structure … (to crack) after the hot dry summer and rainy autumn. We … (to repair) it in the nearest future.

e) Serious study of design … (to demand) focus on the design process, which … (to depend) on the object and the individuals participating in it.

f) As far as I know, the lorry … (to arrive) on the 10^th of May. It … (to be) necessary to unload it immediately.

g) My father usually … (to walk) a few blocks to his office, but my brothers … (to prefer) driving.

h) In addition to the trouble with the engine there … (to appear) some other problems with the transmission and lubricating systems.

i) Owing to the new system of regulations the number of accidents … (to go) down and the driving … (to become) safer.

j) Stop dreaming about this car! It … (to be) extremely expensive. You … (not to have) enough money to buy it.

15. Is the public transport network modern and efficient in your city? Are the fares reasonable? Is the travel safe enough? What can be done to make our public transport system better?

Text 5 ROAD PRICING

1. What are bus lanes? Do you think buses should be given priority on roads inside cities?

2. Which means of transport do you choose to move inside the city? What decides about
your choices? (price? speed? time? weather? reliability? comfort? distance?)

3. Point out three areas or places close to your university where traffic jams occur. Is the
traffic density the same at different times?

4. Are there any bus lanes in those places? Do they help buses move faster?

5. Who is permitted to use bus lanes?

6. Read the headline of the article below. Does it suggest:

· an idea of valuing roads (deciding how much they are worth)?

· that users should pay? (who? how much? for what?)

Many bus lanes have been installed in the wrong locations where roads are wide enough to accommodate them without causing traffic congestion. That is precisely where they are not needed. Bus priority is needed only where and when there is traffic congestion.

The most likely reason for installing so many of them in wrong places is that it is politically much easier: there will be no objections from motorists and at the same time it will be claimed that something is being done for the buses.

Other highway authorities have put bus lanes where they are useful, many of them at junctions or on busy radial roads operating at peak hours only. Bus priority in such location is usually limited in extent. The problem with bus lanes is that they are useful only where there is traffic congestion and if bus lanes are installed in such circumstances they will make the congestion worse. Except under the unlikely condition that motorists transfer to buses to such an extent that there is a reduction in demand for road space which is greater than the reduction caused by the bus lanes.

Therefore, it will be quite common for the passenger-carrying capacity of the road to be reduced where bus lanes have been installed. The only circumstances where it will not be reduced are where buses are carrying more passengers than would cars on the roads pace allocated to the bus lanes. For this to occur, bus services would have to be frequent and should move at typical speeds in congested road conditions. It is possible in large cities, where radial roads near the centre have bus service carrying at least as many passengers as would cars on the same roads pace.

These problems are the result of bus lanes being used exclusively by buses or nearly so. Use by emergency vehicles will make no significant difference to capacity. Use by cyclists and motorcyclists might cause more disruption to the buses than can be justified by the small number of the users.

The solution to these problems is to allow other traffic to use the bus lanes in amounts insufficient to impede the buses. Highway authorities are soon to be given powers to introduce road pricing. This would have several benefits:

· for motorists, pricing of bus lanes would give them the opportunity to buy priority if they wish (but would not compel them to)

· for bus users, it would help to make it politically feasible to put bus lanes where they are needed

· for the public at large, it would raise some revenue providing finance for extending the bus priority network which should help change the attitude towards public transport with environmental consequences

· for visitors who do not have the appropriate pass to use the priced roads.

Bus lanes combined with road pricing are solutions to excessive traffic. Implementing road pricing offers an opportunity to reduce the problems which have been associated with bus priority.

Match the pairs so that they make true statements.

1) If emergency vehicles are permitted to use bus lanes

2) If cyclists or motorists are allowed to use bus lanes

3) If motorists can buy priority to use bus lanes

a) it will possibly cause more disruption to buses

b) it will make no difference to road capacity

c) it will take some traffic from the other lanes, reducing congestion

Choose the best answer.

1) Bus lanes installed on wide roads

a) help reduce congestion.

b) are not really needed.

c) make the passenger-carrying capacity of the road larger.

2) Bus lanes installed at junctions or on busy roads

a) enlarge the road capacity

b) reduce the congestion

c) reduce the road capacity

3) Introducing road pricing

a) Will possibly be objected by motorists

b) Will increase the road capacity

c) Will cause problems for visitors without the appropriate pass

Find the words hidden in the jumbles.

a) the condition of being so crowded with traffic or people that normal movement in the area is impossible	NOGTOCENSI
b) a place where roads or railway lines join	IUCNJNTO
c) roads leading from the centre	AILRDA ODRSA
d) busy, rush hours when the roads are full of traffic	KEPA SORHU
e) make the movement, development or progress difficult	MEDIPE
f) a part of a main road marked with a painted line	AELN

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in capitals.

a) Intensive snowfalls have caused ………… to the road traffic in the mountain area.	DISRUPT
b) If bus lanes are used ………… by buses, they will bring more problems than gains to the traffic.	EXCLUSIVE
c) One of the ………… to the problem of air pollution in cities is to ban cars from the centers.	SOLVE
d) These problems stem from the ………… of the railway network in the 1960s.	REDUCE
e) It might be ………… for drivers to have sunglasses inside the car.	USE
f) Who decided about the ………… of the new bus stop?	LOCATE
g) The idea of pricing roads will be ………… by motorists.	OBJECT
h) There will be no ………… from the road users if traffic lights are installed here.	OBJECT

Substitute the words in italics with their synonyms from the list below.

provide, reduce, network, install, limited, be needed, compel, implement.

Example: They intend to carry out these useful solutions in order to make the whole system work better. (implement)

a) They have promised to make public expenditure smaller.

b) We have just fitted central heating in the house.

c) The choice of cars was very small.

d) Such harsh dilemmas force us to face facts and make a choice.

e) The government cannot supply all young people with a job.

f) More careful irrigation control is necessary in this region.

g) We have well developed marketing systems.

Fill the correct prepositions in.

a) The traffic lights have been installed _______ wrong location.

b) Buses can’t move _______ typical speed because _______ congestion.

c) Do you often go _______ work _______ bus?

d) There was a car crash _______ the junction and the traffic was blocked _______ half an hour.

e) Traffic jams are quite common here _______ peak hours.

f) Buying a faster car will make no significant difference _______ the speed _______ moving inside the city.

g) It might be more convenient _______ motorists to leave their cars _______ the city centers.

h) Authorities should do something to change people’s attitude _______ public transport.

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