Text 2 specific vehicles

Text 1 LOGISTICS

1. Which fields of human activity require logistics? Justify your answers. Add your own Examples: the military? household? spare time? building a house?

2. What do these activities have in common? (many documents, a large number of people
involved, a lot of equipment, careful planning, etc.).

3. What does logistics in economy involve?

education of employees? transport? environment protection? information technology?

warehousing? distribution of raw materials and goods?

social relationships among the employees of a company?

Read the definition of logistics and choose the correct word.

Logistics is the act / art of maintaining relationship / control over world-wide supply-chains by combination of transport / production, warehousing skills, distribution / company management and information policy / technology.

5. Match the names with their functions:

1. Information technology	bridges the geographical gaps in the complex pattern of manufacturing centers, sources of raw materials supplies, depot location and marketing outlets
2. Transport	keeps goods secure in the time gaps which separate 'production' from 'consumption'
3. Distribution	accepts and holds stocks until required, and then routes them to the factories, wholesalers and retailers that require them
4. Warehousing	keeps track of where everything is, alerts those who need to be informed of amended 'instructions, documents stocks, orders, transits, arrivals and departures and permits to access its data banks

6. What is a logistician responsible for? Read the text and check your prediction.

A We live in a world where people want things - food, shelter, clothing, medical care, education, entertainment, etc. These ‘wants’ (1) lead to huge ' demands' (2) for goods (3) and services, for there are now almost 6,000 million people on earth. To meet the demands producers around the world must provide enormous quantities of goods and vast array of services, each with its specialized requirements. It is these supplies (4) which pose the logistical problems, for we must cither move the goods to the consumers who require them or move the people to the places where the services can be enjoyed. It is the supply-chains
for all these products and services which are the true subject-matter of logistics. The end of the logistical chain is when the finished product, available for immediate 'consumption' reaches the final 'consumer'. The full production-consumption cycle (5) reads: wants; enterprise; production; distribution; marketing; exchange (6); consumption; satisfaction and back to 'wants' again. Consumption gives satisfaction, but in so doing destroys production and we're back to 6,000 million people who want things.

B This is elementary stuff, but the way in which these 'wants' are satisfied in the modern, free enterprise world is far from elementary. The typical organization in the free (7) enterprise world today is the multinational company, engaged in multinational production. Manufacturing is rarely a one-site activity. Multiple-site manufacturing and assembly is the usual practice, and for the multinational company this means sites in a variety of countries spanning the five continents. Products may be designed in Japan; components may be manufactured in Taiwan or Singapore; sub-assemblies may be put together in Spain and the final product assembled in the United Kingdom and sold all over the European Union, North America, Australia and the Middle East.

C All this dispersal of production may come about for a variety of reasons. It may be because of local resources; because of particular skills in a workforce; because labour is cheaper in a particular country; because quality is high in a particular field of activity. Often the spreading of production has to do with the requirements of governments, who will only allow an activity to go ahead if it brings some tangible' benefits (8) to the people of their country. They may require all activities to be performed by nominally local companies, with a home national in an influential position on the Board. Whatever the reason (9), this type of production requires logistical services to keep control (10) of the many movements of raw materials, semi- manufacturers, components and end-products which are on the moved (11). This is the subject-matter of logistics, which seeks to give control over all these movements while at the same time providing a system which is flexible and can respond to changes in demands, closures of routes and other interruptions of normal procedures.

D Logistics is the art of maintaining control over world-wide supply-chains by a combination of transport, warehousing skills, distribution management and information technology. Transport bridges the geographical gaps in the complex (12) pattern of manufacturing centers, sources of raw material supplies, depot locations and marketing outlets which are such important features of the modern multinational company. Warehousing keeps goods of every sort (13), from raw materials to finished products, secure in the time gaps which separate 'production' from 'consumption'. Distribution centers accept and hold stocks until required, and then route them to the factories, wholesalers and retailers that require them. Information technology keeps track of where everything is, alerts (14) those who need to be informed of amended instructions, documents stocks, orders (15), transits, arrivals and departures and permits (16) everyone who is authorized to do so to access (17) its data banks, interrogate them and, if necessary, update them.

E The increased interest (18) in the activity called logistics has created a new term for the person making these logistical arrangements - the logistician. His task is to manage supply-chains with optimum efficiency supervising everything, keeping the chain free of bottle­necks, free of documentation difficulties, using the best equipment in the most efficient way, fast, cheap, economic, legal, environmentally friendly and, above all, on course to achieve the final mission. The mission is to supply finished goods into the marketplace where they will become available eventually to the consumers who require them.

7. Match the subtitles with the paragraphs in the text:

1. The role of a logistician

2. The subject-matter of logistics

3. Multinational company

4. The definition of logistics

5. Multinational production

8. Answer the following questions:

a) What is the main logistical problem imposed on transport operators?

b) What factors decide that multinational production is a must in modern, free enterprise world?

c) A multinational company has to fulfill requirements of the government of the country where it is located. What are the most common requirements?

d) Can you fill in the missing steps in the production-consumption cycle?

w_ _ _ _ → production → d_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ → m_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ → e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ → consumption → s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ → w_ _ _ _

9. NOTE! ' Multi - ' means 'many'. It is added at the beginning of nouns and adjectives.

Example: A multinational company has branches in many different countries.

A Complete the following:

a) something that has many colours is ……………

b) someone who is able to speak more than two languages very well is …………….

c) an examination or a test in which you have to choose the correct answer from several possible answers listed on the examination paper is a …………… exam / test

d) something that consists of or involves people of many different nationalities and cultures is ….............

e) a building (or a car park) which has several floors at different levels above the ground is a ………… building

f) a very rich person whose property is worth several million pounds, dollars etc. is a ……………

B Fill the gaps with a suitable word from A.

a) The …………… mining giant has bought up all the land in this area.

b) They live in a …………… society so they can learn a lot about other cultures.

c) The students were very pleased to see a …………… test on their exam papers.

d) There are …………… pictures in the album about the Middle East.

e) Only a …………… can afford to buy an island and build a castle there.

f) It was a …………… group of people so you could hear French, German and English.

g) They are cut off from the rest of the world in a flat in a …………… block.

10. NOTE! 'Sub-' is added at the beginning of nouns in order to form other nouns that refer to things which are part of a larger thing.

Example: parts which, when fitted together, form a bigger and more complicated device or assembly, such as e.g. a machine … sub-assemblies …

A Finish the following explanations. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.

a) an effect of dividing something big into small parts, areas or sections is called a ……………

b) a small committee whose members come from a larger and more influential committee is ……………

c) a person or firm that has a contract to do a small part of a job which another firm is responsible for ……………

d) a fraction within a bigger party ……………

e) the ideas, art and way of life of a group of people within a society who have different ideas, principles etc. from the Test of the society …………..

B Answer the following questions:

a) Where are sub-aquatic explorations conducted?

b) Which part of the building is a sub-basement?

c) What kind of a train is subway?

Look at the list of other words starting with 'sub-'. Is the meaning of the prefix the same as in the words from part A? Give Ukrainian equivalents.

a) sub-aquatic	b) sub oceanic	c) sub-surface
d) sub-basement	e) subsea	f) subtitle
g) submarine	h) subsoil	i) subway

Many words in English can function as nouns, or verbs, or adjectives.

Example: They are building a new sports and leisure complex near where I live. (noun)

American society is complex and highly developed industrially. (adjective)

Look at the words (from 1 to 18) underlined in the text. What is their function in the sentence: verb, noun or adjective?

Choose five words from the list and make your own sentences illustrating their different functions.

Example: Transport helps to satisfy people's wants. (noun)

He wants to prove that he is an efficient worker, (verb)

Fill in the table. The first one is done for you as the example.

Branch	Specialist / 'doer'	What does he/she do?
optics	optician	tests people's eye-sight, sells glasses and contact lenses
		works for a political party
environment
	mathematician	is trained in the study of numbers and calculations
economics		writes and teaches about the production of wealth and the consumption of goods and services in a society, the organization of its money, industry and trade
ecology		studies the pattern and balance of nature

13. Find the words hidden in the jumbles:

Example: a person who buys things or uses services – (ROMCUNES – consumer)

a) a person whose business is buying large quantities of goods and selling them in smaller amounts
b) a market for product
c) the total amount of something, for example goods which are available to be sold in the shop
d) a person or business that sells goods to the public usually in small amounts or quantities
e) a large building for storing raw materials or manufacture goods
f) provide, give
g) a number of things joined to each other

Text 2 SPECIFIC VEHICLES

1. Which goods need specific treatment during transportation?

2. Name three products for which:

· special wrapping or packaging is necessary while transporting them

· specific vehicles are a must

'Facilities create traffic' is an old rule in transport which means that you must have a specific vehicle for a particular class of traffic. Road tanker manufacturers offer specific vehicles for different goods units of which the following are important:

1. Covered vans which range from light vans and delivery vehicles up to bulk deliveries of furniture and equipment.

2. Open trucks which have sides and tailboards, but are not covered. They may be used for goods which do not spoil in wet weather.

3. Tippers which are usually very large open trucks, used for carrying bulk deliveries of non-spoiling commodities such as aggregates, ores, etc., which can easily be discharged by tipping.

4. Platform vehicles or 'flats 'which have no sides or tailboards, and are used for containers or packaged timber, or crates and boxes stacked on the platform and restrained by ropes, chains and/or tarpaulins.

5. Tankers which are usually of large size, with capacities up to about 5,000-6,000 gallons (22,000-27,000 liters) for the carriage of petroleum products and other liquids, bulk powders like sugar and flour, or grains.

6. Hopper vehicles which are used for carrying bulk grains, cement and similar products.

The way imposes serious limitations on the size, shape and speed of the units of carriage which use it. There are other factors, like: the requirements of traffic to be moved, the needs of staff, the need to keep costs down to remain competitive. You must also have a specific vehicle for a particular class of goods. Nowhere is the specific nature of vehicles more evident than in the problem of the 'empty leg' journey.

For example, milk moves in tankers from the agricultural areas to big cities all over the advanced world. Yet what use is the vehicle on the return journey to the countryside? Clearly its specific nature renders the return journey an 'empty leg'. It cannot be filled with fertilizer for the farms, or with furniture for rural households. At least one big firm has found a useful solution to the problem. A huge plastic bag the same shape as a container is filled with fruit concentrate and transported in a container. On arrival it is pumped clear, cleaned and sterilized, and returned rolled up for re-use. Other firms which have tried this solution have found it inconvenient and unsatisfactory for their purposes. Such happy solutions to the 'empty leg' problem are rare and only possible if a suitable return load is available.

3. Answer the following questions:

a) What are tarpaulins, ropes and chains used for while transporting goods?

b) What kind of cargo can be discharged by tipping?

c) What factors should transporting companies analyze before deciding what type of vehicle to choose?

d) Give Polish equivalent for the term 'empty leg'. Can you think of or give an example of how to solve the problem of 'empty leg' journeys?

4. Interpret the nominal compounds:

Example: delivery vehicle – a vehicle used for delivering goods

a) bulk delivery
b) packaged timber
c) return journey
d) suitable return load
e) non-spoiling commodities
f) petroleum product
g) fruit concentrate

5. Find the words in the jumbles:

Example: rock or earth from which metal can be obtained (EOR – ore)

a) a sheet of heavy waterproof material that is used to cover things in order to protect them against rain or to hold them in place	NAPTURAIL
b) a large mass of something	KLUB
c) a large box made of pieces of wood which is used for transporting or storing things	RECTA
d) opposite to 'urban'	UARLR
e) nearly the same	ILSMRIA
f) a chemical mixture spread on the ground in order to make plants grow better	RSETLFIRIE
g) unusual, infrequent	ERAR

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