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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО РЫБОЛОВСТВУ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
"МУРМАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ"
И. В. Егорова
Е. М. Максимова
MODERN CONSTRUCTION:
TRADITIONS AND NEW TRENDS
Современное строительство:
традиции и новые тенденции
Допущено Ученым советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия по дисциплине
"Деловой английский язык"
для студентов старших курсов
специальности 270102.65
"Промышленное гражданское строительство"
Мурманск
УДК 811. 111 (075.8)
ББК 81. 2Англ я 73
Е 30
Егорова, И. В. Modern Construction: Traditions and new trends (Современное строительство: традиции и новые тенденции): учеб. пособие по дисциплине "Деловой английский язык" для спец. 270102.65 "Промышленное гражданское строительство" / И. В. Егорова, Е. М. Максимова. - Мурманск: Изд-во МГТУ, 2010. - 215 с.
Составлено в соответствии с программными требованиями и поможет студентам овладеть профессиональным языком. Тексты и упражнения дают студентам возможность повысить уровень владения английским языком.
Предназначено для студентов старших курсов специальности 270102.65 "Промышленное гражданское строительство".
This manual has been written according to the course programme and helps students to master professional English. The texts and exercises provide opportunities for improving the students' level of English.
It is intended for senior students of the speciality 270102.65 "Civil Engineering".
Список лит. - 4 названия.
| Рецензенты: | Е. Н. Квасюк, канд. пед. наук, зав. кафедрой иностранных языков и методики преподавания Мурманского государственного педагогического университета; А. Г. Столярчук, генеральный директор ООО "Стройремонт" |
Ирина Викторовна Егорова
Евгения Михайловна Максимова
Modern Construction: Traditions and new trends
Редактор Г. В. Зобнина
| ISBN 978-5-86185-535-8 | © Мурманский государственный технический университет, 2010 |
| ©И.В. Егорова, 2010 ©Е.М. Максимова, 2010 |
Оглавление
ВВЕДЕНИЕ................................................................................................. 4
PART I.......................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1. Modern building materials........................................................ 5
Unit 1............................................................................................................ 5
Unit 2.......................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 2. To the history of building materials........................................ 22
Chapter 3. Some building professions...................................................... 31
Chapter 4. Air-conditioning..................................................................... 39
Chapter 5. Architecture: Its forms and functions..................................... 48
Chapter 6. Asbestos................................................................................. 57
Chapter 7. New trends in urban management.......................................... 64
Chapter 8. What is meant by bioclimatic architecture.............................. 75
Chapter 9. Silicate industry...................................................................... 85
Chapter 10. Structure............................................................................... 95
Chapter 11. The design mistakes............................................................ 100
PART 2. SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS.................................................... 107
Unit 1..................................................................................................... 107
Unit 2..................................................................................................... 119
Unit 3..................................................................................................... 121
Unit 4..................................................................................................... 132
Unit 5..................................................................................................... 135
PART 3. GRAMMAR REVISION........................................................... 140
Unit 1. "Small Words"........................................................................... 140
Unit 2. Conjunctions.............................................................................. 141
Unit 3. The Meanings of "One".............................................................. 143
Unit 4. Forms of the Verb...................................................................... 144
Unit 5. Рекомендации по переводу....................................................... 145
Unit 6. Terminology............................................................................... 148
Unit 7. Attributive Word Combinations................................................. 153
Unit 8. Punctuation Marks..................................................................... 156
PART 4. АНГЛО-РУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ............................................... 158
Использованная литература................................................................... 215
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов естественно-технического факультета МГТУ, обучающихся по специальности 270102.65 "Промышленное и гражданское строительство" по дисциплине "Деловой английский язык". Лексическим материалом для него послужили оригинальные тексты и специальные словари.
В пособие включены предтекстовые и послетекстовые лексические упражнения, целью которых является расширение активного и пассивного словаря специальной терминологии и закрепление навыков монологической и диалогической речи. Кроме того, пособие содержит упражнения для активизации грамматического материала, изученного на 1–2 курсах.
В результате изучения данного пособия студенты должны расширить свой лексический запас за счет новых слов и терминов, научиться говорить на английском языке на темы, связанные с их будущей профессиональной деятельностью.
При составлении данного пособия использовались материалы следующих интернет-сайтов: http://www.studyrussian.com и http://www.useic.ru.
PART I
Chapter 1. Modern building materials
Unit 1
1. In pairs answer the following questions:
1. What materials used in the process of building nowadays do you know?
2. Do you know any of their advantages or disadvantages?
2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
basalt; corrugated; girder; impermeability; multicolor; purpose; rectangular; rigid; sawdust; saw; vapor; variety; veneer.
Learn new words and phrases.
| inflammable | воспламеняющийся |
| foamed glass | пеностекло |
| froth | n. пена v. пениться, вспенивать |
| girder | ригель, балка |
| moulding | формование, прессование, отливка |
| plywood | клееная фанера |
| raw material | сырьё |
| sawdust | древесные опилки, стружка |
| surfacing | выравнивание, обточка плоскости, покрытие |
| to ensure | обеспечивать, гарантировать |
| to subject (to) | подвергать (воздействию) |
| veneer | однослойная фанера, шпон |
4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian:
alloy; artificial materials; durability; high-porosity heat insulating material; interior and exterior design; thermosetting resins; to be employed; to be machined; to resist severe weather conditions; to serve a number of purposes.
5. Make up your own sentences using the words and phrases from tasks 2 - 4.
Skim the text and say what the general idea of the text is.
When skimming divide the text into parts.
Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.
Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials.
However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.
A brick is best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6 1/2 to 9 lb.
There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar.
The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years.
Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.
Metals: Aluminium,principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.
Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.
Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, are not subjected to corrosion, and they can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action.
A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders' tools.
Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.
Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent.
Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.
Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapor and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sawn and nailed.
Structural foamed glass blocks were designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.
For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted to.
Compare your number of parts with that of your fellow students.
Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
is provided by; are divided into; railway engineering; provides; valuable materials; timber; is employed; moulding and baking in kilns; building unit; mortar; composition of saw; multicolor bricks; decorative purposes; convenient size; sawdust; natural stones; marble; basalt; limestone; public buildings; rigid; construction of dams; main varieties of building stone; various alloys; is highly valued; durability; light weight; brass;facing; corrugated sheets for roofing; girders; frames; artificial materials; laying of foundation; synthetic resins; can be easier machined; inflammable; high resistance to chemical action; decorative plastics; impregnated with thermosetting resins; subjected to heat; resists severe weather conditions; tough surface; foamed glass;high sound adsorption; is easily sawn and nailed.
Match pairs of words having similar meanings.
| provide | mixture |
| construction | damp |
| purpose | building |
| shape | facing |
| surfacing | objective |
| foundation | ensure |
| possess | covering |
| design | drawing |
| vapor | base |
| surface | form |
| mortar | have |
13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
бетон; древесина; для строительных целей; химическая промышленность; мягкая древесина; обеспечивать; строительные материалы; клееная фанера; глина; отливка, формовка в печах; прямоугольный; вес; пустой, полый; многокрасочный, цветной; для декоративных целей; с помощью раствора; строительство дамб; долговечность, срок службы; мрамор; известняк; рифлёные листы; брус, балка; пластик, пластмасса, винил; ценить; искусственные материалы; синтетические смолы; сырьё; обрабатывать; воспламеняющийся; внутренний; внешний; декоративный пластик; ламинат; выравнивание, обточка плоскости; покрытие; пена, вспенивать; обеспечивать теплоизоляцию; стеновые панели; промышленное строительство; сопротивление; морозоустойчивость; поглощение звука; непроницаемость, герметичность; внутренние перегородки зданий.
Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
1. Some of the most important (строительные материалы) are: (древесина, кирпич, камень, бетон, металлы, пластмасса и стекло).
2. Timber is at present not so much used (в строительстве зданий) as in railway engineering, (в горном деле) and (в химической промышленности) where it (обеспечивает, даёт) a number of valuable materials.
3. For the interior of buildings (клееная фанера) and (шпон) serve a number of purposes.
4. (Кирпичи) may be made of clay (формованием и обжигом) in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of (опилок) and other materials.
5. (Мрамор, базальт, гранит, известняк и песчаник) are widely used for the construction of (плотин и фундаментов).
6. Steel finds its use in (гофрированных листах) for roofing, for (балок) frames, etc.
7. Plastics have some good (преимущества) as they are lighter than metals, are not subjected to corrosion, and (их можно легче обработать), but they are (воспламеняются), they can take any color and pattern, and they are good (электроизоляторы). More over, they possess a high (сопротивление) to chemical action.
8. (Ламинат) is a strong material (производимый) from many layers of paper or textile (пропитанных) with (термоактивным клеем).
9. (Пеностекло) is a high-porosity (теплоизоляционный материал), available in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent.
10. Foamed glass is widely used (в сборном строительстве домов) to ensure heat insulation of (внешних стеновых панелей), and in industrial construction.
11. (Пеностекло) is (невоспламеняемо), offers (морозоустойчивость), possesses a high (звукопоглощение), and it is easily sawn and nailed.
12. Structural foamed glass blocks were (разработаны) to fill ceilings, and for making (внутренние перегородки) in buildings and rooms, to (обеспечить) heat and sound insulation.
15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
· rigid · provide · serve a number of purposes · employed · inflammable · manufactured · mortar · decorative · enables · artificial materials · exterior
1. Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of outside wall panels, and in industrial construction.
2. Petrol is a substance which starts to burn very easily.
3. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides
a number of valuable materials.
4. The convenient size of brick makes it possible for a man to grip it with an easy confidence.
5. Plastics are materials not made of natural constituents.
6. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mixture of cement or lime and sand and water.
7. For the interior of building plywood and veneer achieve particular aims.
8. A lot of attractive plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design.
9. Plastics are sufficiently stiff and not moving or bending to stand on their own without any support.
10. Laminate is a strong material made from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins.
16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
by; of; in; principally; highly; for; from; to; sufficiently; on; without; widely.
1. Timberis provided … different kinds … trees.
2. Bricks may be made … clay … moulding and baking … kilns, … concrete, … mortar or … a composition … sawdust and other materials.
3. Aluminium,… in the form … various alloys, is … valued … its durability and especially … its light weight.
4. Steelfinds its use … corrugated sheets … roofing, … girders, frames, etc.
5. Nowadays plastics can be applied … almost every branch … building, … the laying … foundation … the final coat … paint.
6. Plastics are … rigid to stand … their own … any support.
7. Laminate resists severe weather conditions … more than ten years … serious deformation.
8. As a structural material laminate is recommended … exterior work.
9. Foamed glass is … used … prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation … exterior wall panels, and … industrial construction.
10. Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished … moisture, vapor and gas impermeability.
17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
I think / suppose / consider / believe; to my mind / in my opinion; as far as I remember / know / understand; Let me see…; How shall I put it?; Well, let me think…; Let's put it this way…; I'll have to think about that; The best way I can answer that is…; That's a good question.; That's a difficult question.
1. What are the most important building materials?
2. Where is timber used now?
3. What are bricks made of?
4. What types of bricks do you know?
5. What natural stones are used in building?
6. What is steel used for?
7. What are the advantages of plastics?
8. What is laminate manufactured from?
9. What advantages of foamed glass do you know?
18. Give the definitions to the following terms:
| · laminate | · foamed glass | · durability |
| · inflammable | · to be employed | · to be machined |
19. Match the following definitions with their terms:
| 1. a long, thick piece of steel or iron that is used in the framework of buildings and bridges | a. froth |
| 2. dust and very small pieces of wood which are produced when you saw wood | b. insulation |
| 3. a mass of small bubbles on the surface of a liquid | c. veneer |
| 4. a thick layer of a substance that keeps something warm, especially a building | d. sawdust |
| 5. a thin layer of wood or plastic which is used to improve the appearance of something | e. alloy |
| 6. a metal that is made by mixing two or more types of metal together | f. girder |
20. Speak on the following topic:
The most important building materials.
21. Translate the following sentences:
1. Известно, что древесина до сих пор используется в качестве строительного материала в виде досок.
2. Преподаватель спросил студентов, в каких целях используют такие натуральные камни, как: базальт, гранит, мрамор и известняк.
3. Зная преимущества пеностекла, его можно широко применять в сборном строительстве домов.
4. Известно, что современные строительные материалы разнообразны по своим характеристикам и сферам применения.
5. К началу следующего месяца студентами будет подготовлен доклад об использовании природного камня.
6. До того, как кирпич примет свою обычную форму, его формуют и обжигают в печах.
7. Пластмасса – искусственный материал, который уже нашёл широкое применение в строительстве.
8. Ламинат – прочный материал, который широко используется в течение последних десяти лет.
9. Вы уже читали статью о пеностекле, которая была опубликована на прошлой неделе?
10. Это здание будет полностью облицовано к началу следующего года.
11. К нашему приходу внешняя отделка была завершена. Её сделали из мраморных плит.
12. Известно, что древесина обладает хорошей гвоздимостью.
Write an abstract of the chapter, i. e. express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
Render the text in English.
Древесина относится к весьма распространенному строительному материалу, применяемому с глубокой древности. Отличительной особенностью этого материала всегда остается высокая прочность и упругость при сравнительно малой плотности, что обеспечивает невысокую массу изготовляемых из него конструкций при относительно большом коэффициенте конструктивного качества. К тому же такие конструкции обладают надежной химической стойкостью в средах, которые агрессивны по отношению к стали и бетону. Имеется ряд и других положительных качеств у древесины как строительного материала: легкость технологической обработки с приданием изделиям практически любых форм; надежная склеиваемость и хорошая гвоздимость; малая теплопроводность.
Следует также отметить достаточно широкое распространение лесных пород для получения качественной деловой древесины, главным образом, пиломатериалов. Немалую пользу приносят и побочные продукты деревопереработки и лесопиления – стружка, дробленка, опилки и др. Их используют в качестве компонентов различных строительных конгломератов – древесностружечных плит, древесноволокнистых плит, арболита, ксилолита и т. п.
У древесины имеются и серьезные недостатки: анизотропность, легкая возгораемость, подверженность к загниванию в переменно-влажностных условиях, повышенная гигроскопичность с возможным короблением и разбуханием, но они преодолеваются техническими средствами: пропиткой антисептиками, введением антипиренов, прессованием, склеиванием тонких элементов и др. Кроме того, возможно создание благоприятных эксплуатационных условий для соответствующих строительных конструкций. Поэтому в России, богатой лесными массивами, древесина всегда была и остается одним из основных строительных материалов, особенно для жилищного строительства. Используют ее при устройстве перекрытий, стен, строительных ферм, полов, дверных и оконных заполнений и др.
Unit 2
1. In pairs answer the following questions:
1. Do you know any valuable properties of concrete?
2. Why is concrete more fit for foundation?
2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
abrasion; binder; cement; concrete; consequently; cylindrical; moister; percolation; pour; pumice; reinforce; sufficient; thorough.
Learn new words and phrases.
| beam | балка, брус, перекладина |
| binder | зажим, связывающее вещество |
| gravel | гравий |
| impurity | грязь, загрязнение, примесь |
| prestressed concrete | предварительно напряженный бетон |
| reinforced concrete | железобетон |
| tensile stress | растягивающее напряжение |
| to bond | связывать, соединять |
| to denote | значить, обозначать, различать |
| to derive (from) | происходить |
| to resist | сопротивляться, противостоять |
| to sag | оседать, обвивать, падать |
4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian:
aggregate; compression; cross-sectional area; devoid of; elastic limit; on the other hand; on vast scale; proper consistency; relatively cheap filler; steel bar; tensile stress; to assist in; to result from.
Make up your own sentences using the words and phrases from tasks 2-4.
Skim the text and say what the general idea of the text is.
When skimming divide the text into parts.
Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thorough mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper consistency. It has many valuable properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and also resists fire. Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while prefabricated blocks are employed on vast scale for skeleton structures.
Aggregates for concrete
By the simple definition from the dictionary "aggregates are the materials, such as sand and small stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete". In other words aggregates can be defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together by an active binder, form the rock. This rock is denoted by the general term concrete.
Aggregates have three principal functions in the concrete: they provide
a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; they provide
a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting the action of applied loads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate factors; they reduce volume changes resulting from the action of the setting and hardening of the concrete mass.
All aggregates, both natural and artificial, which have sufficient strength and resistance to weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete.
As aggregates such natural materials as sand, pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag, cinder, pumice and others can be used.
Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete is not a new material. Its successful use has been developed rapidly during the last two decades, chiefly because steel of a more suitable character has been produced. Concrete is strong in compression but weak when used for tensile stresses.
If, therefore, we consider a beam made of plain concrete, and spanning
a certain distance, it will at once be realized that the beam's own weight will cause the beam to "sag" or bend. This sagging at once puts the lower edge of the beam in tension, and if the cross sectional area is small, causes it to break; especially if the span is relatively large.
If, on the other hand, we use a beam of similar cross-section, but incorporate steel bars in the lower portion, the steel will resist the tensile stress derived from the sag of the beam, and thus assist in preventing it from breaking.
In prestressed concrete steel is not used as reinforcement, but as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress in the concrete. Therefore any beam (or member) made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression, and is consequently devoid of crack under normal loading, or so long as the "elastic limit" is not exceeded.
Prestressed concrete is not only used for beams but is now employed extensively for columns, pipes, and cylindrical water towers, storage tanks, etc.
Compare your number of parts with that of your fellow students.
Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
the most widely spread building material; concrete; an artificial stone; aggregates; cement; gravel; sufficient; the proper consistency; valuable properties; can be poured into moulds; reinforced concrete; high strength; resists fire; prestressed concrete; prefabricated blocks; on vast scale; practically inert mineral materials; bonded together by an active binder; provide; binder; the action of applied loads; abrasion; percolation of moisture; reduce; harmful impurities; pebbles; gravel; slag; cinder; pumice; compression; tensile stresses;
a beam; spanning a certain distance; to sag; to bend; the cross sectional area; steel bars; derived from the sag of the beam; assist; devoid of crack; loading; is employed for.
Match pairs of words having similar meanings.
| assist | objective |
| scale | originate |
| sag | degree |
| derive | carefully |
| denote | dirt |
| stress | ensure |
| impurity | support |
| thoroughly | pressure |
| sufficient | enough |
| provide | symbolize |
| purpose | fall |
13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
бетон; строительный материал; искусственный камень; тщательное смешивание; натуральные компоненты; цемент; гравий; достаточное количество воды; надлежащая прочность, твёрдость; полезные, ценные свойства; выливать в формы; железобетон; высокая прочность; применяются; простое определение; смешиваются; связывать, соединять; значить, обозначать, различать; назначение, функция; обеспечивать; дешёвый наполнитель; абразия, истирание; просачивание, протекание; следовать, происходить в результате, проистекать; содержать; вредные примеси; шлак, окалина; пемза; предварительно напряженный бетон; сжатие; растягивающее напряжение; балка, брус, перекладина; зажим, связывающее вещество; оседать, обвивать, падать; площадь поперечного сечения; сопротивляться, противостоять; стальной брус; происходить; ломание; раскалывание, разбивание; трещина, щель; нагрузка.
Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
1. (Бетон) is perhaps the most widely spread (строительный материал) used nowadays.
2. Concrete is an (искусственный камень), made by (тщательным смешиванием) such natural ingredients or aggregates as (цемент), sand and (гравий) or broken stone together (с достаточным количеством воды) to produce a mixture of the (надлежащей прочности).
3. (Бетон) sets under water, can be poured into (формы) so as to get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in (железобетоне) it has very (высокую прочность), and also (противостоит) fire.
4. Aggregates have three (основные функции) in the concrete: they (обеспечивают) a relatively cheap (наполнитель) for the concreting material, or (связующее вещество); they (обеспечивают) a mass of (частиц) which are suitable for resisting the (действие приложенных нагрузок, абразии, просачивания влаги) through the mass, and of climate factors; they (снижают) volume changes resulting from the action of the setting and (затвердевания) of the concrete mass.
5. All aggregates, both (природные и искусственные), which have (достаточную прочность) and (погодоустойчивость), and which do not contain (вредные примеси) may be used for making concrete.
6. As aggregates such (природные материалы) as sand, (галька), broken stone, broken brick, (гравий), (шлак), pumice and others can be used.
7. (Предварительно напряженный бетон) is strong (при сжатии) but weak when used for tensile stresses.
8. In (предварительно напряженном бетоне) steel is not used as (усиление), but as a means of producing a suitable (сжимающее напряжение) in the concrete.
9. Therefore any (балка, брус) made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression, and is (следовательно) devoid of (трещин) under normal loading, or so long as the "elastic limit" is not exceeded.
10. (Предварительно напряженный бетон) is not only used for beams but (применяется) extensively for columns, (труб), and cylindrical water towers, storage tanks, etc.
15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
· mortar · depends upon · reinforced concrete · hardens · impurities · binder
· construction · exposed to · employed · the density of the concrete
1. Concrete with metal bars in it to make it stronger was recognized as the best material for all types of structures.
2. The strength of plain concrete is directly affected by the quality of the cement, the strength and character of the aggregate, the quantity of cement in a unit volume and the relationship between the mass of the concrete and its volume.
3. In all structures not protected from the weather the reinforcing steel must be carefully and well secured so that it cannot be displaced while concreting.
4. The setting of cement is a chemical change brought about by the addition of water to the cement after which the mixture slowly becomes firm or stiff and increases in strength.
5. Portland cement was first used on a large scale in the process of building of the Thames tunnel in 1828.
6. When cement is mixed with water it forms a mixture used in building for holding bricks and stones together which hardens very firmly.
7. Aggregates are inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together by a substance that makes things stick together, form the rock.
8. All aggregates which do not contain harmful substances of a low quality making aggregates less pure may be used for making concrete.
16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
chiefly; from; rapidly; through; for; on; at; while; widely; in; with; into; under; of; to; with; by; also.
1. Concrete is made … thorough mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together … sufficient water … produce a mixture … the proper consistency.
2. It sets … water, can be poured … moulds so as to get almost any desirable form, and together … steel … reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and … resists fire.
3. Prestressed concrete is most … used … present … prefabricated blocks are employed … vast scale … skeleton structures.
4. Aggregatescan be defined as a mass … practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together … an active binder, form the rock.
5. Aggregates have three principal functions … the concrete: they provide
a relatively cheap filler … the concreting material, or binder; they provide
a mass … particles which are suitable … resisting the action … applied loads, … abrasion, … percolation … moisture … the mass, and … climate factors; they reduce volume changes resulting … the action … the setting and hardening … the concrete mass.
6. The successful use … prestressed concrete use has been developed … during the last two decades.
7. Concrete is strong … compression but weak when used … tensile stresses.
8. Prestressed concrete is not only used … beams but is now employed extensively … columns, pipes, and cylindrical water towers, storage tanks, etc.
17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
I think / suppose / consider / believe; to my mind / in my opinion; as far as I remember / know / understand; Let me see…; How shall I put it?; Well, let me think…; Let's put it this way…; I'll have to think about that; The best way I can answer that is…; That's a good question.; That's a difficult question.
1. What is concrete made by?
2. What are the valuable properties of concrete?
3. What are the functions of aggregates in the concrete?
4. What materials can be used as aggregates?
5. What is prestressed concrete employed for?
18. Give the definitions to the following terms:
| · aggregate | · filler | · provide |
| · artificial | · impurity | · resist |
19. Match the following definitions with their terms:
| 1. a substance used for building which is made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones and water | a. cinders |
| 2. a long thick bar of wood, metal, or concrete, especially one used to support the roof of a building | b. pumice |
| 3. to separate into two or more pieces, often because it has been hit or dropped | c. beam |
| 4. to pass slowly through something that has very small holes or gaps in it | d. break |
| 5. the black pieces that are left after something such as wood or coal has burned away | e. percolate |
| 6. a kind of grey stone from a volcano and is very light in weight | f. concrete |
20. Speak on the following topics:
1. The properties of concrete.
2. Aggregates for concrete.
3. Prestressed concrete.
21. Translate the following sentences:
1. Имея много ценных качеств, бетон уже давно применяется в строительстве.
2. Преподаватель велел студентам подготовить сообщение об использовании предварительно напряженного бетона к завтрашнему занятию.
3. Мы видели, как рабочие бетонировали площадку перед зданием.
4. Преподаватель спросил студентов, что обеспечивает устойчивость к истиранию и пропусканию влаги в бетоне.
5. Известно, что вредные примеси нежелательны при производстве бетона.
6. Излом балки был вызван большим пролётом и маленьким поперечным сечением.
7. Для уменьшения затрат на изготовление бетона используют достаточно дешёвые наполнители, такие как щебень.
8. Доказано, что компоненты бетонной смеси влияют на свойства бетона.
9. Существуют различные виды бетона, например, морозостойкий бетон, огнестойкий бетон, кислотоупорный и другие.
10. Сейчас на конференции обсуждают преимущества использования пеностекла в каркасном строительстве.
11. Специалисты утверждают, что пеностекло должно более широко применяться в строительстве благодаря своим свойствам.
12. Известно, что конструкции из металлов применяются с конца 19 века.
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