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1. Spoilers are aerodynamic devices which break up or spoil laminar flow of air about the wing, giving an increased drag and a decreased lift.
2. They develop thrust using the power of their rocket engines and do not need air for support.
3. On these data the flight dispatcher starts preparing the flight plan to the point of destination.
4. He finds out the actual pay-load figures and calculates the required fuel figure to make sure that the maximum takeoff weight will not be exceeded.
5. Careful records should be kept of all breakdowns, service, and fitting of new components, together with accurate costing for such work.
6. This information is valuable when studying the reliability of units or components, and provides the engineer and management with a good indication of overall costing when equipment is due for replacement.
7. When all the obvious points have been checked, and the fault recurs, an exchange chassis offers a solution in that the faulty unit can be returned to the service department and tested over a long period with meters and indicators connected to the individual circuits.
8. A cardboard box (suitably lagged) over the unit while it is operating on the bench will produce conditions similar to the actual installation and accelerates the inception of fault conditions.
9. The principal method of directional control is by applying differential collective pitch through the rudder pedals and this is arranged so that the combined thrust of the rotors remains constant during thrust.
10. Once inside the tube, the air slows down because the tube widens. The kinetic energy released by this loss of velocity is converted into pressure energy and heat, and this corresponds to the compression stage in the piston engine.
11. The engines operating on the vectored thrust principle are excellent at low speeds and for hovering.
12. A depression created by the exhausting gases allows the valves to open and repeat the cycle.
13. The first true turbine-equipped jetplane was the Heinkel He 178 (Germany), piloted by Erich Warsitz in 1939 (August 27, 1939).
14. The most common problems occur with gas trapped in the gastrointestinal tract, the middle ear and the par nasal sinuses.
15. Hot combustion products leaving the combustor expand through the turbine where power is extracted to drive the compressor.
16. The gas stream exiting the turbine expands to ambient pressure via the propelling nozzle, producing a high velocity jet in the exhaust plume.
17. The compressor rotates at very high speed, adding energy to the airflow and at the same time squeezing (compressing) it into a smaller space.
18. Less than 25% of the air is involved in combustion, in some engines as little as 12%, the rest acting as a reservoir to absorb the heating effects of the burning fuel.
19. Smouldering combustion is a flameless form of combustion, deriving its heat from heterogeneous reactions occurring on the surface of a solid fuel when heated in an oxidizing environment.
20. The twisting of the fuselage broke the connections from the emergency battery in the tail cone, extinguishing the cabin lights.
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