Читайте также:
|
The precise organization of the state court system varies by state. But every state has a system of lower courts with original jurisdiction and higher courts with appellate jurisdiction. A number of specialized courts may deal with such matters as housing, police, traffic, and family disputes. The highest state court has the final say in any particular case, unless the case involves a federal issue. Then, and only then, the decision may be appealed directly to the United States Supreme Court. In all other ways the state judicial system operates independently of the federal judicial system.
In most states the lowest courts are the magistrate or police courts presided over by elected lay magistrates, which deal with minor offences. The judge or magistrate of the police court can send a drunk to jail for thirty days, or fine a motorist for speeding, without the aid of jury. The magistrate or justice-of-the peace may also have authority of preliminary hearings to decide whether to hold a person accused of murder for trial in a higher court.
Upon the whole, organization of state and local courts has much in common with the federal court system. A lot of states have State Courts of Appeal; and the highest court in a number of states is also named the Supreme Court.
2. Find the answers to the following questions:
1. Is there anything in common between the federal and state court systems?
2. What is the precise organization of the state court system?
3. What kind of courts does every state have?
4. What kind of matters do specialized courts deal with?
5. Which court has the final say in almost every particular case?
6. Does the state judicial system depend on the federal judicial system?
7. In what case may the decision of a state court be appealed directly to the US Supreme Court?
8. What courts deal with minor offences in most states?
9. Who presides over in the police courts?
10. What authority does a justice-of-the peace have?
| UNIT 3 LAW ENFORCEMENT PROFESSION |
LESSON 9
| 1. Grammar and Practice: | Infinitive Constructions: For-Phrase |
| 2. Topic Activities: | Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs |
| 3. Speaking: | At the Academy |
| 4. Supplementary reading: | The West Virginia State Police Academy |
GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE
FOR-PHRASE
(The For-to-Infinitive Construction)
Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for
| Структура | Главное предложение I waited | for for | существительноеили объектное местоимение the man him | + to-Infinitive to speak. |
| Перевод | Я ждал, когда человек (он) заговорит. подлежащее сказуемое В обороте «for-phrase» for не переводится, а указывает, что объект, следующий за ним, является подлежащимк сказуемому, выраженному инфинитивом. Способ перевода зависит от функции оборота в предложении. | |||
| Функции | Весь оборот выступает в функции одного члена предложения: ·1 подлежащего: It is not for me to sayso. Не мне это говорить. It is necessary for him to finishhis work. Ему необходимо закончить работу. ·2 дополнения: I’m anxious for him to winthe prize. Я очень хочу, чтобы он получил приз. ·3 определения: Here is the article for you to read. Вот статья, которую тебе следует прочитать. ·4 обстоятельства цели или результата: He stood aside for us to pass in(цель). Он отступил в сторону, чтобы мы могли пройти. The day was cold enough for us to have a bad time(результат) День был довольно холодным, и мы плохо провели время. |
1. Practise translating the sentences with “for-phrase”:
1. It is unusual for the mother to be seen smoking.
2. It is best for everybody not to smoke at all.
3. The main difficulty was for him to get away from the police.
4. They have arranged for you to have a private room.
5. We are anxious for our sportsmen to succeed in the Olympic Games.
6. Your attitude to lies made it difficult for him to tell you the truth.
7. There is no one for the children to play with at their grandparents’ place.
8. It is not the right time for us to speak about his failure.
9. There are only very limited opportunities for young people to join the police as cadets in England.
10. The rain can last long enough for us to miss the train.
11. The only thing for you to do is to go to the police and tell the truth.
12. It was natural for a daughter to believe her mother to have been innocent.
13. The evidence was not definite enough for the police to arrest the suspect.
14. In many lawyers’ opinion it is important for the suspects not to say anything until their solicitor has the chance to give advice.
15. The caution (предупреждение при задержании) makes it more difficult for the suspect to remain silent with impunity (безнаказанно).
16. When the young are together it is wise for an old man to be with other old men or to be away – it is an old saying … (P. Abrahams)
17. He was well enough known in the theatrical world for her to be flattered with the compliments he paid her.
18. They talked so much together that it was inevitable for her atlast to learn his views on marriage.
19. The thought flashed through her mind that Michael had brought her down for his parents to inspect her.
20. She saw that he was anxious for her to make a good impression.
21. Celia was sent out to him and he was asked to find a good place for her to continue her education.
2. Combine two sentences using “for-phrase” according to the model:
| e.g.He must be there in time. It is important. It is important for him to be there in time. |
1. She is very late. It is rather unusual.
2. Her mother makes all decisions. It is the usual thing in their family.
3. You should speak English as much as possible. It’ll do you good.
4. He explained everything. It was not difficult.
5. Peter managed to finish his work in time. It was quite an effort.
6. You’ll spend a couple of weeks in the Alps. It will be enjoyable.
7. Don’t make mistakes. It is important.
8. Two people can hide in the cave. It is big enough.
9. I want to know the details of the accident. It’s the right time.
10. You shouldn’t stay here long. I didn’t mean that.
11. The day was nice. We went for a picnic.
12. He is waiting. His client is to give him a ring at the office.
13. I can’t understand the problem. It is too difficult.
14. Young people can enter the Law Academy. But there are limited opportunities.
15. Don’t lose active interest in sport if you want to join the Police Service. It is important.
3. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Мне необходимо тебя видеть.
2. Вот контракт, который Вам надо подписать.
3. Наступило время мне диктовать свои условия (to dictate terms).
4. У нас слишком мало времени, чтобы я успел тебе всё рассказать.
5. Важно, чтобы ты понял свою ошибку.
6. Мне неудобно (uncomfortable) жить в такой маленькой квартире.
7. Правительству необходимо быть в контакте с народом (to be in contact with the public).
8. Единственное, что ты можешь сделать, это рассказать правду.
Дата добавления: 2015-11-14; просмотров: 46 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая страница | | | следующая страница ==> |
| Organization of Federal Courts | | | Nizhniy Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs |