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SUPPLEMENTARY READING
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The Presidency
In a single day, a president may, as head of state, host a state dinner; as chief executive, meet with economic advisers; as commander-in-chief, order the movement of American troops; as diplomatic leader, sign a treaty; as legislative leader, submit a bill to Congress; and as party chieftain (лидер), deliver a campaign speech. This list of presidential roles gives some idea of the awesome burden of the office. Harry Truman said: “The Presidency is a killing job – a six men job…. It requires young men – young in physical and mental ability, if not necessarily young in age.”
Article II of the Constitution stipulates five of the major functions of the president – head of state, chief executive, diplomatic leader, commander-in-chief, and legislative leader. A sixth function, that of party chieftain, was not envisioned by the framers of the Constitution.
Head of State
In many democracies, such as the United Kingdom, there are two national leaders: a ceremonial leader (the monarch) and a governmental leader (the Prime Minister). In the United States the ceremonial and governmental functions are combined in the president as head of state.
As head of state, the president lays wreaths on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, entertains visiting dignitaries, issues proclamations on holidays, presents awards, lights the White House Christmas tree, and throws out the first ball of the baseball season. These functions may appear trivial, but they have ceremonial value. Failure to perform them would offend many people; performing them well enhances a president stature.
Chief Executive
As chief executive the President is responsible for executing the government’s programs enacted into law by Congress.
Perhaps the president’s most important task is to manage the nation’s economy. Since the 1930s, this role has greatly increased. For example, by act of Congress a president must now name a Council of Economic Advisors and also submit an annual economic message and budget to the Congress. A president’s popularity frequently rises and falls with the upward and downward swings in economic activity.
LESSON 8
| 1. Grammar and Practice: | The Functions of the Infinitive |
| 2. Topic Activities: Text 1: Text 2: | The American Judicial System: The US Court System Organization of Federal Courts |
| 3. Speaking: | How American Judicial Power Operates |
| 4. Supplementary reading: | State and Local Court Systems |
GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE
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| Give the summary of the text. | | | The Functions of the Infinitive |