Semantically false chains

a variation of <zeugma> when the number of homogeneous members, semantically disconnected, but attached to the same verb, increases (V.A.K.)

e.g. A Governess wanted. Must possess knowledge of Romanian, Russian, Italian, Spanish, German, Music and Mining Engineering. (S. Leacock)

e.g. Men, pals, red plush seats, white marble tables, waiters in white aprons. Miss Moss walked through them all. (A.Milne)

See: <cluster SDs>

Violation of phraseological units

restoring the literal original <meaning> of the word, which lost some of its semantic independence and strength in a phraseological unit or cliché. (A.V.K.)

e.g. Little John was born with a silver spoon in his mouth which was rather curly and large. (Galsworthy)

e.g. After a while and a cake he crept nervously to the door of the parlour. (A.Tolkien)

See: <cluster SDs>

Nonsense of non-sequence

joining two semantically disconnected clauses into one sentence (A.V.K.)

e.g. Emperor Nero played the fiddle, so they burnt Rome. (Y.Esar)

See: <cluster SDs>

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Irony

ирония

- is a <stylistic device> in which the contextual <evaluative meaning> of a word is directly opposite to its <dictionary meaning>

- is the <foregrounding> not of the logical but of the <evaluative meaning>;

- is the contradiction between the said and implied;

- is subdivided into <verbal irony> and <sustained irony>;

The context is arranged so that the qualifying word in irony reverses the direction of the evaluation, and the word positively charged is understood as a negative qualification and (much-much rarer) vice versa. The context varies from the minimal – a word combination to the context of a whole book.

e.g. The lift held two people and rose slowly, groaning with diffidence. (I.Murdoch)

e.g. Apart from splits based on politics, racial, religious and ethic backgrounds and specific personality differences, we’re just one cohesive team. (D.Uhnak)

Source: <V.A.K.>

e.g. It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket.

See: <lexical SDs>

Verbal irony

a type of <irony> when it is possible to indicate the exact word whose <contextual meaning> diametrically opposes its <dictionary meaning>, in whose meaning we can trace the contradiction between the said and implied

e.g. She turned with the sweet smile of an alligator. (J.Steinbeck)

e.g. With all the expressiveness of a stone Welsh stared at him another twenty seconds apparently hoping to See him gag. (R.Chandler)

e.g. She’s a charming middle-aged lady with a face like a bucket of mud and if she has washed her hair since Coolridge’s second term, I’ll eat my spare tire, rim and all. (R.Chandler)

e.g. Last time it was a nice, simple, European-style war. (I.Shaw)

Source: <V.A.K.>

Ant.: <sustained irony>

See: <lexical SDs>

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