Classification of Cargo Ships

Cargo ships, or freighters, can be divided into four groups, according to the kind of cargo they carry. These groups are (1) general cargo ships, (2) tankers, (3) dry bulk carriers, and (4) multi­purpose ships. General cargo ships, carry what are called "packaged" items - goods that are put in packages or that form a package in themselves. Packaged items include such products as chemi­cals, foods, furniture, machinery, motor vehicles, shoes, steel, textiles, and whiskey. The traditional cargo ships include container ships, roll-on/roll-off ships, and LASH ships. LASH ships are huge freighters that carry preloaded seagoing lighters (barges) stacked one upon the other. The term LASH stands for Lighter Aboard Ship. LASH ships can hold from 70 to 90 barges, each of which can carry 370 tons (336 metric tons) of cargo. Tankers carry oil or other liquid cargo. Dry bulk carriers haul coal, grain, iron ore, and similar products that can be loaded in bulk(loose) on the vessels. Multipurpose ships carry different classes of cargo - for example, liquid and general cargo - at the same time.

Cargo ships can also be divided into two types according to the service they offer shippers — liner service or tramp service. Cargo liners run on fixed schedules along certain trade routes and charge published rates. They usually transport only general cargo. Some cargo liners also carry passengers. Those that carry more than 12 passengers are called combinationor passenger-cargo ships. Tramp ships do not sail on regular trade routes or have regular schedules. They can be hired to haul almost anything, anywhere, anytime. Tramps can be classed as deep-sea or short-sea tramps. Some of them are classed as coasters. They ply on coastal routes and up rivers to inland ports. Small shipping companies and private individuals op­erate these ships.

Exercise 3. Give brief answers to the following questions:

1. What are the main types of cargo ships?

2. What are tankers used for?

3. What are general cargo ship?

4. What are multipurpose ships used for?

5. What are tramp ships?

6. What is the difference between cargo liners and tramps?

7. What types of tramps do you know?

8. How is containerised cargo loaded and unloaded?

9. What are some advantages of containerisation?

10. What ships do we call Ro-Ro ships?

11. What does the word LASH stand for? What are LASH ships used for?

12. What are dry bulk cargo carriers used for?

Exercise 4. Give equivalents:

· in Russian: to haul, fixed routes, packaged items, refrigerated goods, bulk cargo, to be designed, lighters, stern opening, reefer, tug, bulky cargo ship, gantry cranes, cell, containerized goods, bulky cargo, shipper, to stack, tramp service, derelicts and wrecks, to submerge, cargo handling gear, perishable goods, the main feature, to tow, to be hoisted, lorries or trailers, to be fitted;

· in English: насыпной груз, хранение, коммерческое судно, генеральный груз, грузовое судно, обеспечивать, расписание или график, лесоматериалы, порт назначения, лайнер (пароход, совершающий регулярные рейсы), жидкий груз, буксир, насос, подъемная стрела, двойное дно, навалочный груз, трамповое судно, оборудование для обработки груза, препятствие или помеха, портальный или эстакадный кран, аппарель, скоропортящийся груз, размещать груз, фрагменты судна или его обломки, паром, буксировать, поднимать, судно многоцелевого назначения, затоплять.

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