Teeth malformation

When baby’s permanent teeth erupt it may happen so that front teeth are crooked or protruding. This condition is known as malocclusion and the treatment is to improve the appearance and function by repositioning the teeth.

Crowding must be due to insufficient room for all the teeth. It usually arises from heredity of a jaw which cannot accommodate all 32 permanent teeth. So the teeth become crooked. Early extraction of carious deciduous molars may also contribute to the crowding in these cases.

Protruding upper incisors may arise from inheriting of a jaw relationship in which the upper teeth are too far forward relatively to the lowers.

Prominent lower jaw is the condition, in which the chin is unduly prominent, is due to inheritance of a jaw relationship in which the lower teeth are too far forward relative to the uppers. It usually leads to the condition when lower incisors bite in front of the uppers instead of behind them.

All these abnormalities сan make the appearance unattractive and the treatment is necessary also to eliminate stagnation areas and help to prevent development of caries and periodontal diseases.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations and make 5 sentences of your own:

Успадкування прикусу, аномалія, усунути області застою, непривабливий, в співвідношенні до, молочні зуби, висунуті верхні різці, завдяки, видалення зубів.

Exercise 7. Find in the text:

a) synonyms to the words: extremely, result in, replace, milk teeth, unsightly look, top, contain;

b) antonyms to the words: permanent teeth, improve, crooked, unattractive, prevent, lower

Exercise 8. Look through the text and answer the questions:

1. What are the most widespread types of teeth abnormalities?

2. What is the aim of stomatological treatment in malocclusion?

3. Why should the abnormal teeth be repositioned?

4. What is the cause of crowding?

5. What may protruding upper incisors arise from?

6. What condition is known as “prominent lower jaw”?

7. What is “prominent lower jaw” due to?

8. What problems may appear if malocclusion is left untreated?

Exercise 9. Approve or contradict the following:

1. Malocclusion is the condition in which jaws are of different size.

2. Crowding must be due to inheritance factor.

3. There are 30 teeth in the jaw of an adult.

4. Early extraction of carious deciduous molars may also contribute to the protruding upper incisors..

5. Protruding upper incisors may arise from inherited small size of the jaw where there is not enough place for all the teeth.

6. In malocclusion the treatment is to avoid cavitation.

7. Prominent lower jaw is the condition, in which the teeth are seen between the lips.

Exercise 10. Translate into English:

1. Скупчення зубів – це проблема дітей 13-14 років, коли прорізаються усі постійні зуби, а щелепи ростуть недостатньо швидко.

2. Одним з найпростіших методів усунення скупчення зубів – є використання брекитів.

3. З кожним роком частота патології прикусу постійно зростає через вживання м’якої їжи, тому що наші щелепи не отримують достатнього навантаження.

4. Погані звички в дитинстві можуть бути важливим фактором аномалії розвитку зубів.

5. Така звичка в дитинстві, як смоктання пальців, може привести до тимчасового зміщення фронтальних зубів.

6. Дуже часто аномалії розвитку зубів пов’язані зі спадковістю.

Exercise 10. Tell in details about:

a) Crowding;

b) Protruding upper incisors;

c) Prominent lower jaw.

TEST

1. Early extraction … carious deciduous molars may also contribute … the crowding in these cases.

a) in … of

b) by … in

c) of … to

d) with … by

e) from … from

2. … may arise from inheriting of a jaw relationship in which the upper teeth are too far forward relatively to the lowers.

a) Prominent lower jaw

b) Protruding upper incisors

c) Supernumerary teeth

d) Malocclusion

e) Crowding

3. A complete lack of tooth development is called …

a) hypodontia

b) anodontia

c) polydontia

d) hyperdontia

e) microdontia

4. Prominent lower jaw leads to the condition when lower incisors bite … the uppers instead … them.

a) above … under

b) in front of … of behind

c) under … above

d) behind … in front of

e) lower … upper

5. Gemination occurs when a developing tooth incompletely splits … the formation of two teeth.

a) by b) of c) in d) to e) from

6. Crowding appears when a jaw … accommodate all 32 permanent teeth. So the teeth become crooked.

a) mustn’t

b) shouldn’t

c) may not

d) can’t

e) couldn’t

7. Tooth abnormalities … according to whether they have environmental or developmental causes.

a) should categorize

b) may be categorized

c) must be categorize

d) may have been categorized

e) is categorized

8. If you have a bad toothache, you … address to the doctor.

a) can

b) should

c) must

d) may

e) have to

9. The doctor … the results of your analysis to make a correct diagnosis.

a) can

b) may

c) must

d) should

e) ought to

10. You … to summarize and analyze all findings of your observation.

a) should

b) must

c) have

d) can

e) may

ORAL CANCER

РАК РОТОВОЇ ПОРОЖНИНИ

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

metastasize [mi’tæstəsaiz], malignant [mə’lignənt], mixture [‘mikst∫ə], palliative [‘pæliətiv], erythroleukoplakia [i’riθrə’lju:kəu’plakia], smooth [smu:∂], chemotherapy [ki:məu’θerəpi].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

metastatic метастатичний, який належить до метастазу

patch пляма, ділянка тіла, органа

palliative пом’якшуючий

lump гуля, припухлість

heal заживати, загоюватись

fluid рідина

sore ранка

spread поширюватись, розповсюджуватись

Exercise 3. Give Ukrainian equivаlents of the following word combinations:

abnormal cells, metastatic disease, radiation therapy, supportive care, symptom management, red patches, smooth area, side effects.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

ORAL CANCER

Oral cancer is part of a group of cancers called head and neck cancers. Oral cancer can develop in any part of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Most oral cancers begin in the tongue and in the floor of the mouth. Almost all oral cancers begin in the flat cells (squamous cells) that cover the surfaces of the mouth, tongue, and lips. These cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. When oral cancer spreads (metastasizes), it usually travels through the lymphatic system. Cancer cells that enter the lymphatic system are carried along by lymph, a clear, watery fluid. The cancer cells often appear first in nearby lymph nodes in the neck. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the neck, the lungs, and other parts of the body. When this happens, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells as the primary tumor. For example, if oral cancer spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells in the lungs are actually oral cancer cells. The disease is metastatic oral cancer, not lung cancer. It is treated as oral cancer, not lung cancer. Doctors sometimes call the new tumor "distant" or metastatic disease.

Common symptoms of oral cancer include:

Patches inside your mouth or on your lips that are white, a mixture of red and white, or red. White patches (leukoplakia) are the most common. White patches sometimes become malignant. Mixed red and white patches (erythroleukoplakia) are more likely than white patches to become malignant. Red patches (erythroplakia) are brightly colored, smooth areas that often become malignant.

1. A sore on your lip or in your mouth that won't heal.

2. Bleeding in your mouth.

3. Loose teeth.

4. Difficulty or pain when swallowing.

5. Difficulty wearing dentures.

6. A lump in your neck.

7. An earache.

The choice of treatment depends mainly on your general health, where in your mouth or oropharynx the cancer began, the size of the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread. Oral cancer treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Some patients have a combination of treatments.

At any stage of disease, people with oral cancer may have treatment to control pain and other symptoms, to relieve the side effects of therapy, and to ease emotional and practical problems. This kind of treatment is called supportive care, symptom management, or palliative care.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 5. Skim the text and look for the answers to the questions:

1. What may oral cancer treatment include?

2. What are the symptoms of oral cancer?

3. Where does oral cancer begin?

4. What is oral cancer?

5. Where can cancer cells spread?

6. How is this disease treated?

7. What stage may the people with oral cancer have treatment?

8. How is this kind of treatment called?

Exercise 6. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

галетний елемент, метастатична хвороба, підтримаюче лікування, біля пляма, шаткий зуб, керівництво симптомами.

Exercise 7. Explain the term:

a) Oropharynx

b) Leukoplakia

c) Erythroplakia

d) Erythroleuloplakia

Exercise 8. Insert prepositions where necessary:

(by, to, of, at, in, on, with)

1. Oral cancer can develop … any part … the oral cavity or oropharynx.

2. The choice of treatment depends mainly … your general health, where … your mouth or oropharynx the cancer began, the size …. the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread.

3. … any stage of disease, people … oral cancer may have treatment … control pain and other symptoms, to relieve the side effects of therapy, and to ease emotional and practical problems.

4. Cancer cells that enter the lymphatic system are carried along … lymph, a clear, watery fluid.

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

1. Багато ракових хвороб починається в язиці та на дні ротової порожнини.

2. Ракові клітини також розповсюджуються у інші частини шиї, легень та інші частини тіла.

3. Найчастіші симптоми раку ротової порожнини є різнокольорові плями, кровотеча у роті, важкість або біль при ковтанні, гуля у шиї.

4. Лікування раку ротової порожнини може включати хірургію, радіаційну та хіміотерапію.

5. Типи раку, які починаються з галетних елементів звуться карциномами лоскутих клітин.

Exercise 10. Give a summary of the text.

TEST

1.... cancer is part of a group of cancers called head and neck cancers.

a) jaw

b) brain

c) chutta

d) oral

e) lung

2. This kind of treatment is called supportive …, symptom management, or palliative care.

a) treatment

b) care

c) therapy

d) medication

e) nursing

3. …. patches sometimes become malignant.

a) yellow

b) green

c) blue

d) white

e) red

4. Oral cancer can develop in any part of the oral cavity or …

a) mouth

b) orolarynx

c) stomatopharynx

d) oropharynx

e) nose

5. Red patches (erythroplakia) are brightly colored, … areas that often become malignant.

a) even

b) plain

c) slick

d) straight

e) smooth

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