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An analgesic (also known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). The word analgesic derives from Greek an- ("without") and algos ("pain"). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (acetaminophen), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, narcotic drugs such as morphine, synthetic drugs with narcotic properties such as tramadol, and various others.
Analgesic use in dentistry includes the use of both oral and local agents. While the dentist may not prescribe oral agents, they will frequently be required to treat patients who are using these drugs and should note this when recording medical histories and be aware of any potential effects of these drugs on relation to dental local analgesia and treatment. Prescribers should advise patients if treatment is likely to affect their ability to drive motor vehicles or manage machinery. This is especially important in relation to oral analgesics which may also have a sedative effect. Patients should be warned that these effects are increased by alcohol.
The oral route of drug administration is preferable but tablets, capsules or oral suspension should be chosen as appropriate for age and the nature of the treatment. Alternative routes such as intramuscular, intravenous and rectal may be appropriate in hospital.
The correct selection of the pain control technique for patients requiring dental treatment is important for safe and successful practice. As with other aspects of clinical dentistry, this clinical decision making is based on knowledge and experience. Generally patients for the treatment under local anesthesia will be managed by the dentist in primary care setting whereas these requiring a general anesthesia will be referred to hospital.
By common usage, the localized loss of pain sensation is referred to as “local anesthesia” rather than local analgesia, which would be more accurate. The word “anesthesia” implies loss of all sensation including touch, pressure, temperature and pan.
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
1. What is an analgesic?
2. What are analgesics used for?
3. How can analgesics be administered?
4. What should doctors warn their patients about before administering analgesics?
5. What is clinical decision making based on?
6. What does the word “anesthesia” imply?
Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations:
Діяти на центральну нервову систему, полегшувати біль, наркотичні властивості, різноманітними засобами, виписати препарат, лікувати пацієнтів, пероральне застосування, відносно локальної анестезії, керувати транспортним засобом, заспокійлива дія, призначення препарату, підходити за віком, правильний вибір, безпечне застосування.
Exercise 5. Write out from the text nouns, adjectives and verbs into three columns and define their suffixes:
Exercise 6. Translate into English:
1. Анальгетики використовують для полегшення болю.
2. Анальгетики можуть по-різному діяти не центральну та переферичну нервову систему.
3. Якщо стоматолог призначає анальгетики, він повинен проконсультувати пацієнта відносно можливості кирувати транспортним засобом.
4. Пероральні анальгетики можуть мати заспокійливу дію.
5. Залежно від віку пацієнта і характеру лікування, анальгетики можна призначати у капсулах та суспензіях.
Exercise 7. Give summary of the text.
TEST
1. An analgesic is also known as a …
a) painkiller
b) sedative
c) anti-inflammatory drug
d) tranquilize
e) tonic
2. The word analgesic derives from …
a) Russian
b) Ukrainian
c) Greek
d) Chinese
e) French
3. Analgesic drugs act in various ways … the peripheral and central nervous systems.
a) at
b) of
c) for
d) on
e) in
4. Analgesic … in dentistry includes the use of both oral and local agents.
a) used
b) uses
c) use
d) using
e) is used
5. Prescribers … advise patients if treatment is likely to affect their ability to drive motor vehicles or manage machinery.
a) need
b) can
c) have to
d) should
e) to be able to
6. Patients should be warned that these effects are increased … alcohol.
a) by
b) with
c) for
d) above
e) over
7. The oral route of drug administration is preferable but tablets, capsules or oral suspension should be chosen as appropriate for … and the nature of the treatment.
a) temperature
b) age
c) voice
d) sound
e) weight
8. Alternative routes such as intramuscular, intravenous and rectal may be appropriate in...
a) hospital
b) chemist’s department
c) policlinic
d) office
e) home
9. The correct selection of the … control technique for patients requiring dental treatment is important for safe and successful practice.
a) treatment
b) pain
c) filling
d) extracting
e) examination
10. The word … implies loss of all sensation including touch, pressure, temperature and pan.
a) treatment
b) pain
c) anesthesia
d) filling
e) sedative
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