Oral hygiene and the prevention of dental disease

Most dental disorders arise from two basic diseases of the teeth
and their supporting tissues — caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of dental
disease therefore entails elimination of food stagnation, as this is the primary cause
of caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and
calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene; preventive dentistry; dental health education and increasing the resistance of teeth to disease.

Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free from food debris,² thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this is the only way³ of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food (raw, firm, fibrous fruits or vegetables, e.g. apples, pears, carrots, celery, etc.) By virtue of their tough fibrous consistency they require much chewing and thereby scour the teeth clean of food remnants. It may be inconvenient to brush the teeth or eat an apple after meals when you are not at home. On such occasions a plain water mouth rinse, which can be swallowed afterwards, is better than nothing. Of all these methods of cleaning teeth, tooth brushing is the most effective. When properly done⁴ it removes plaque, whereas detergent foods can only clean away loose food particles. Detergent foods or mouth rinsing is not a satisfactory alternative to brushing; it is an additional measure at the end of a meal, or a substitute when brushing is not possible.

¹which in turn — який, в свою чергу…

²keeping the teeth free from food debris — утримування зубів чистими від залишків їжі

³the only way — єдиний шлях

⁴when properly done — за умови правильного виконання

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

1. What do most disorders arise from?

2. Why does prevention of dental disease entail elimination of food stagnation?

3. What does food stagnation cause?

4. What methods of prevention do you know?

5. How can plaque formation be prevented?

6. What is oral hygiene?

7. Why is cleaning best performed by brushing?

8. How can food debris be removed if brushing is not possible?

9. What detergent food can you name?

10. What one must do if brushing or eating an apple is not possible?

11. Is plain water mouth rinse a satisfactory alternative to brushing?

12. What is the most effective method of cleaning teeth?

13. When does tooth brushing remove plaque?

Exercise 8. Translate the following words putting each of them into the appropriate column of the table according to the part of speech they belong to:

Dental, basic, rinse, particle, debris,, to substitute, free,to remove, periodontal, simply, primary, to clean, brushing, bacterial, to brush, oral, possible, оn, regularly, can, cleaning, to rinse meal, detergent, after, raw, firm, tough, mouth, at, fibrous, measure, inconvenient, effective, of, clean, consistency, from, satisfactory, additional, properly, to do.

Noun	Verb	Preposition	Adjective	Adverb
measure	to do	of	firm	properly
…	…	…	…	…

Exercise 9. Explain the following terms in English:

Oral hygiene, alveolar abscess, pulpitis, normal occlusion.

Exercise 10. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

Прямо або опосередковано; зубний наліт; призводити до...; уникнути; залишки їжі; утримувати зуби чистими від нальоту; сирий; за рахунок; де-небудь іще; полоскання ротової порожнини водою; краще, ніж ніщо; чищення зубів зубною щіткою; тверді продукти; додатковий захід.

PART II

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

matrix , adhere , accessible , gingival previce, gum margin , periodontum , require .

Exercise 2. Learn the following words:

Matrix матриця (пластина для тимчасового замiщення вiдсутньої стiнки зуба при його пломбуваннi)

Adhere прилипати, бути прикрiпленим

Accessible доступний

Gingival той, що вiдноситься до ясен

Gum margin край

Periodontum периодонт

Require потребувати

Tartar зубний камiнь

Dislodge витiсняти, видаляти

Requirement вимога, необхiдна умова

Mesial медiальний

Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:

Доступна поверхня зуба; край десни; нанести пасту; серединний; кругові рухи; стирання; абразiя; ретельно; весь процесс; инвалiди; правильно; той,що вiдноситься до прикусу; потребувати часу; мати тенденцiю.

Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions:

1. Pulp death is sometimes followed... development... chronic alveolar abscess.

2. The dead pulp decomposes and infected matherial passes... the apical foramen... the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone at the apex of the tooth.

3. The lower jaw is made...... two parts.

4. The roots of teeth are held in place... sockets.... a membrane, which is called the periodontal membrane.

5..... the ages of six and twelve or thirteen deciduous teeth loose and drop..., and are promptly replaced... the permanent ones.

6. While the temporary teeth are still... place... the mouth, the permanent teeth are commencing to form... the jaw bone.

7. There are several sublingual ducts and these open... the floor of the mouth just... the orifice... the submandibular duct.

8. The teeth must be brushed systematically... the morning, and... the evening.

9. Not more than two teeth... a time should be brushed, and this should be done both

horizontally and vertically (away from the gums)... the buccal and labial aspects,

and forwards and sideways... the occlusal surface; and the total time, including

several cleansings of the bristles, need not exceed two or three minutes.

10. It is obvious that the brushing... teeth cannot be relied upon alone to prevent caries, but it should be regarded as an adjuvant to other means... prophylaxis.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

1. Зубнi щiтки застосовуються для видалення залишкiв їжi та зубного нальоту
з усiх поверхонь зубiв та мiжзубних проміжків.

2. При захворюваннях пародонту слiд використовувати щiтку з бiльш м’якою щетиною.

3. Строк використання однiєї зубної щітки не більше ніж 6 місяців.

4. Рухи щітки при чищенні зубів мають бути направлені від шийки зуба у 5. бік ріжучого краю, тобто по вертикалі.

6. Зубні бляшки видаляються з поверхні зубів лише через 30 секунд після її 7. ретельної механічної обробки.

8. Багато хто не знає, як правильно та ефективно чистити зуби.

9. Тривалість чищення, як правило, складає не меньше трьох хвилин.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

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