From theory to surgery

Pirogov chose surgery as his specialty, but during his four years at Moscow University he was present at only two operations and did not perform any himself. He practically started his study as a surgeon at the University of Dorpat.

His doctor’s thesis (1832) was dedicated to the ligation of the ventral aorta. In this important work Pirogov tried not only to improve the technical procedure of operation but also to explain how the body reacts to it.

In 1847 he developed a theory of the action and use of anaesthetic and, before using it on a patient, tested it on himself. From July to November that year he was active as a surgeon in the field hospitals in Caucasus and introduced the use of anaesthetic through the rectum. Pirogov also originated the intravenous administration of ether as an anaesthetic. He was the first surgeon to use anaesthesia in a field operation.

From 1848 he conducted an important investigation of cholera, based on almost 800 sections.

Pirogov’s work during the Crimean War is of such importance that he is considered to be the founder of field surgery. Pirogov was the first to use the plaster cast in field conditions. He conceived the technique of plaster casting in 1851 while observing the work of a sculptor.

At that time Pirogov also developed a new method for amputation of the foot, known as the “ Pirogov’s amputation ”.

Pirogov was the first doctor in Russia who used nurses to care for the wounded in the field, and organized the training of nurses.

In 1851-1854 Pirogov created his famous anatomical atlas, Topographical anatomy of the human body (“Anatomia topographica, sedionibus per corpus humanum”).

Thanks to the efforts of N. I. Pirogov surgery was placed on a scientific basis.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

1. Did Pirogov get sufficient skills as a practical surgeon during his studies at Moscow University?

2. What was his doctor’s thesis dedicated to?

3. Why is Pirogov considered to be the father of field surgery?

4. What did Pirogov test on himself before using on a patient?

5. What did Pirogov develop while observing the work of a sculptor?

6. What disease did Pirogov investigate?

7. When did Pirogov create his famous anatomical atlas?

Exercise 8. Use verbs in brackets in correct forms. Translate the sentences:

1. N.I.Pirogov (to be) a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of sciences (1847).

2. Pirogov (to be) a heavy smoker and (to die) of cancer.

3. To prevent wound infection Pirogov (to use) substances which (to be) still in use today.

4. Pirogov (to treat) Giuseppe Garibaldi for an injury to his foot.

5. In 1840 the minister Kleinminchel (to invite) Pirogov to work in St. Petersburg.

6. Later Pirogov (to test) and (to begin) using another anaesthetic – chloroform.

7. The Pirogov Museum (to exist) in Vinnitsa now.

Exercise 9. Tell what in Pirogov’s life and activities seems the most impressive and extraordinary.

TEST

1. Pirogov is the founder of...

a) the German University of Dorpat

b) ether

c) field surgery

d) the Pirogov Museum

e) the ligation of the ventral aorta

2. Pirogov became a professor at the age of …

a) 14 years

b) 16 years

c) 20 years

d) 26 years

e) 30 years

3. Pirogov was the first to use … in field conditions.

a) the anatomical atlas

b) his doctor’s thesis

c) the ligation of the ventral aorta

d) the plaster cast

e) cholera

4. Pirogov was the first doctor in Russia to use nurses …

a) to test ether as an anaesthetic

b) to care for the wounded in the field

c) to treat Giuseppe Garibaldi

d) to create his famous anatomical atlas

e) to investigate cholera

5. Pirogov developed a new method for amputation of the …

a) Foot

b) Hand

c) Finger

d) ventral aorta

e) rectum

6. Thanks to the efforts of Pirogov surgery …

a) was established

b) was developed as a theory

c) explained how the body reacts to it

d) was placed on a scientific basis

e) was used by nurses

7. He … a paper on the problems of pedagogy.

a) Write

b) to write

c) wrote

d) writing

e) have written

8. Pirogov … a superintendent of schools.

a) Appointed

b) was appointed

c) appointing

d) to appoint

e) was appointing

9. … his studies at Moscow University Pirogov was present at only two operations.

a) after

b) before

c) for

d) during

e) on

10. Pirogov argued … the education of the poor, non-Russians, and women.

a) on

b) for

c) against

d) of

e) from

HUMAN BODY

БУДОВА ТІЛА ЛЮДИНИ

PRE-TEXT ASSINGMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

limb [lim], palate [`pælit], heart [ha:t], thumb [θ∧m], forehead ['fɔrid], tongue ['t∧ŋ], stomach [`st∧mək], injury[`indʒəri], wrist [rist], gullet [`g∧lit], calf [kα:f], thigh [`θai].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

to smell нюхати, нюх

buttock сідниця

narrow вузький

to set apart отделять

framework структура, остов

to support підтримувати

to breathe дихати

to consist of складатися

heel п`ятка

ankle щиколотка

Exercise 3. Form new words and translate them:

the nouns by adding the suffix –er:

to examine, to lead, to teach, to organize, to help, to write, to read, to act, to hold, to play.

the verbs by adding the prefix re-:

to join, to operate, to group, to make, to build, to form, to move,to call, to cover, to turn.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian. Pay attention to Passive Voice:

1. In the first term students are taught basic theoretical subjects.

2. The name of great surgeon Pirogov is known not only in our country.

3. The tissues, blood vessels and nerves were studied by many scientists.

4. The student was asked on the structure of the bones.

5. The changed condition of the patient was seen by the doctor.

6. The administrations were changed to restore the patient’s health rapidly.

7. We will be delivered a lecture in Anatomy next Monday.

8. Sedatives are taken by the patient.

9. The great surgeons were often referred to in scientific papers.

10. Donors are given light breakfast before blood taking.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

HUMAN BODY

The principal parts of the human body are the head, the trunk, and limbs (extremities).

The head consists of 2 parts: the skull containing the brain and the face in­cluding the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin.

Each eye has the eyelids and the eyelashes that grow along the edge of the eyelids. There are the eyebrows over our eyes. The eyes serve as the or­gan of sight.

The nose is the organ of smell through which we breathe. The ear includes 3 principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear.

The mouth has 2 lips: the upper and the lower lip. The tongue which is the organ of taste, teeth and hard and soft palates are located in the mouth.

The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.

The upper part of the trunk is the chest. The principal organs in the chest are the lungs, the heart and the esophagus (gullet).

The lower part of the trunk called the abdomen consists of the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the intestines, the kidneys, the gallbladder and the bladder.

The surface of the body from the neck to the buttocks is called the back.

The waist is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

When we speak of the upper extremity we mean the arm. The upper ex­tremity connected with the chest by the shoulder consists of the arm, the forearm, the elbow, the wrist and the hand. We have 5 fingers on each hand. A short finger set apart from the other is called the thumb. The lower ex­tremity called the leg consists of the hip(thigh), the knee, the calf, the ankle and the foot. The foot is composed of the toes, the heel, the sole and the arch The nail is a hard part at the end of a toe and finger.

The framework of bones called the skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. The bones are covered with muscles.

The body is covered with the skin.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Translate the following words and word combinations:

орган зору, повіки, сідниці, орган нюху, нижня кінцівка, поверхня тіла, нирки та селезінка, тверде та м`яке піднебіння, захищати органи від пошкодження, мозок, стегно, спина, брови, коліно та щиколотка, зап`ясток, серце та легені, ступні, шлунок та кишечник, шкіра.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the principal parts of the human body?

2. What does the head consist of?

3. What does the face include?

4. Where are the teeth, the tongue, the palates located?

5. What is the head connected with the trunk by?

6. What are the principal organs in the chest?

7. What are the principal organs in the abdomen?

8. What parts does the upper extremity consist of?

9. What parts does the lower extremity consist of?

10. What is the body covered with?

Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:

1.... is the front part of the head.

2.... is the part of the body we stand on.

3. We have 5... on each foot.

4.... is the part of the face with which we smell.

5.... is the part of the face we hear with.

6.... is a line of hairs over each eye.

7.... is the part of the face under our mouth.

8.... is the hard part at the end of a finger or toe.

9.... is the inside of the hand between our fingers and our wrist.

10.... is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences:

1. The skull contains...

2. The face consists of...

3. The ear consists of...

4. The mouth has 2 lips...

5. The nose is the organ through which...

6. The head is connected with the trunk by...

7. The chest contains...

8. The abdomen contains...

9. The back is the surface of the body from...

10. The part of the body from the shoulder to the wrist is called …

11. A short finger set apart from the other four is called...

12. The upper extremity consists of...

13. The lower extremity consists of...

Exercise 10. Change from Active Voice into Passive:

1. The nurse sponges the patient’s skin.

2. A poisonous remedy causes death.

3. This drug causes skin irritation(подразнення).

4. The doctor administered laxatives(проносне).

5. The X-ray examination revealed lung trouble.

6. The doctor checked up my kidneys.

7. He handed the prescription for cough mixture.

8. The surgeon rinses his hands before the operation.

9. The students will study Pharmacology in two years.

10. Prof. Smirnov will deliver a lecture in Histology tomorrow.

TEST

1. The skeleton protects the organs … injury.

a) for

b) from

c) to

d) by

e) into

2. The body is covered.. the skin.

a) by

b) over

c) with

d) of

e) from

3. There are the eyebrows … our eyes.

a) under

b) in

c) about

d) above

e) below

4. The head … connected with the trunk by the neck.

a) are

b) be

c) is

d) being

e) isn`t

5. The … is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

a) waist

b) back

c) arm

d) neck

e) wrist

6. The framework of bones is called the …

a) muscles

b) organism

c) system

d) skeleton

e) fibers

7. The … is a hard part at the end of a toe and finger.

a) palm

b) nail

c) skin

d) cell

e) bone

8. The eyes serve as the organ of …

a) smell

b) hearing

c) taste

d) vision

e) breath

9. The teeth, the hard and soft palates … in the oral cavity.

a) are located

b) are held

c) is placed

d) is situated

e) is seen

10. The surface of the body from the neck to the buttocks is called the …

a) chest

b) abdomen

c) waist

d) skeleton

e) back

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16