Exercise 4. Give adjectives to the following nouns. Translate into Ukrainian.

Model: Cancer - cancerous

1. cancer 2. medicine 3. malignancy 4. cell 5. distance 6. lymph 7. blood 8. difference 9. presence 10. absence 11. lung 12. bone 13. cartilage 14. muscle

15. gland 16. environment 17. genetics 18. immunity 19. heredity 20. obesity 21. microscopy 22. possibility 23. testicle 24. currency 25. mouth 26. liver 27. connection 28. support

Exercise 5. Translate the word combinations into your language:

A malignant neoplasm; unregulated cell growth; to grow uncontrollably; to invade nearby parts of the body; spread to more distant parts of the body; through the lymphatic system or bloodstream; supportive tissues; benign tumors; to be non-cancerous; life- threatening; in the bone marrow; to afflict the human; environmental pollutants; existing genetic faults; faults within cells; to be entirely hereditary; screening tests; medical imaging; the likelihood of developing cancer; a current tobacco user; Breast self-examination; Pap smears; immune system tissue; the pituitary gland; aapproximately five to ten percent.

Exercise 6. Read and translate:

Text: TYPES OF TUMOURS

Cancer /kænsə/, known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Not all tumors are cancerous. Benign tumors are considered to be non-cancerous. They rarely are life- threatening and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed.

There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict human the most of them may be classified into five broad groups:

1. Carcinomas are characterized by cells that cover internal and external parts of the body such as lung, breast, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas are characterized by cells that are located in bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle, and other supportive tissues.
3. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes and immune system tissues.
4. Leukemias are cancers that begin in the bone marrow and often accumulate in the bloodstream.
5. Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid, the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland, and other glandular tissues.

Determining what causes cancer is complex. Many things are known to increase the risk of cancer, including tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, lack of physical activity, obesity, and environmental pollutants. These can directly damage genes or combine with existing genetic faults within cells to cause the disease. Approximately five to ten percent of cancers are entirely hereditary.

Cancer can be detected in a number of ways, including the presence of certain signs and symptoms, screening tests, or medical imaging. Once a possible cancer is detected it is diagnosed by microscopic examination of a tissue sample. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery.

Most people don't realize that cancer is preventable in many cases. Learning what causes cancer and what the risk factors are is the first step in cancer prevention. Many cancer risk factors can be avoided, thus reducing the likelihood of developing cancer.

Cancers that are closely linked to certain behaviors are the easiest to prevent. For example, choosing not to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol significantly lower the risk of several types of cancer - most notably lung, throat, mouth, and liver cancer. Even if you are a current tobacco user, quitting can still greatly reduce your chances of getting cancer.

Some cancer prevention is based on systematic screening in order to detect small irregularities or tumors as early as possible even if there are no clear symptoms present. Breast self-examination, mammograms, testicular self-examination, and Pap smears are common screening methods for various cancers.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

1. What disease is medically known as a malignant neoplasm?

2. How may the cancer usually spread to more distant parts of the body?

3. What tumors are considered to be non-cancerous?

4. What groups are the known cancers that afflict a human classified into?

5. What is known to increase the risk of cancer?

6. What faults within cells to cause the disease?

7. In what ways can cancer be detected?

8. What is cancer usually treated with?

9. What is considered to be the first step in cancer prevention?

10. What are the most common screening methods for various cancers?

Exercise 8. Choose the proper continuation on the right:

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