ЗАНЯТТЯ № 5 III YEAR, V TERM

International lexicon and ways of its translating.

Each language in the process of his historical development borrows many notions hitherto unknown in this language. Kozak –Cossack has become known in all languages, also lord, lady, gentleman, parliament, stadium, church.

Internationalisms are word-groups and even sentences which have been borrowed in the same or similar analogies lingual form and in the same meaning. Вальс – waltz.

Internationalisms are acknowledged as such when they are used in, at least, three languages belonging to different language families (groups).

Most of internationalisms in all European languages come from Greek and Latin: стадіон, церква, піп, всі науки (крім алгебри), демократія – Greek; but social-political sciences, jurisdiction, all plants, names of illnesses, … баня – from Latin.

All internationalisms are regional: the European region has its own internationalisms; the Eastern Asian region; the Turkish region.

Appendix, pneumonia, angina – Latin.

Many new words and notions have also come from modern languages:

Піцца, макарони, спагетті, опера, соло, дует, піаніно – Italian;

Garage, cul-de-sac – French;

Бокс, баскетбол – English;

Вальс, дізель – German;

Balalaika, sputnik, Soviet, kommissar, samovar – Russian;

Hopak, duma, borshch – Ukrainian.

Some word-groups are also international, though they may be translated maintaining the same components:

To take part –Teil nehmen – брати участь;

Finita la comedia – фініта ля комедіа;

Veni, vidi, vici – прийшов, побачив, переміг;

Tet-a-tet – віч-на-віч;

Time is money – час – гроші.

The number of internationalisms in every language is very large, most of different scientific terms are internationalisms.

Identification of internationalisms.

One distinguishes among seemingly terms two types of words:

Genuine internationalisms, which are words and word-groups (rarely sentences) maintaining in several languages the same or similar lingual form (sounding) and the same or almost the same lingual structure:

student – студент – Student

rector – ректор –Rektorre

парламент – parliament

мотор – motor

аеропорт – airport

But many words may be both genuine international and non-international, or pseudo-international:

студент (genuine), вчений (ps. Int.)

Student

учень (ps. Int.)

індустрія (gen.)

Industry промисловість (ps. Int.)

старанність (ps. Int.)

митець (ps. Int.)

Artists артист (gen.)

художник (ps. Int.)

драматичний (gen.)

Dramatic раптовий

непередбачений

революція

Revolution переворот

оберт

Genuine internationalisms may also be idioms:

The Trojan Horse – троянський кінь

The Heal of Achilles – ахіллесова п’ята

The Sword of Damocles – дамоклів меч

The Ten Commandments – десять заповідей

Wise Solomon – мудрий Соломон

(Some internationalisms may acquire different language forms in different languages.)

e.g. archbishopic – архієпископський

therapeutic – терапевтичний

to cross the Rubicon – перейти Рубікон

the game is worth the candles – гра варта свічок

Some idioms were created by authors:

e.g. The Almighty dollar – всемогутній долар (W. Irving)

The Vanity Fair – ярмарок марнославства (Thackeray)

The fifth column – п’ята колона (E. M. Hemingway)

Therefore not only separate words but also idioms and set expressions (to throw light) are internationalisms when they are used in, at least, 3 different language families (groups).

There are 5 ways of translating internationalisms:

1). Literal translating: enigma, concerto, mister.

2). Internationalisms are translated by way of transcribing:

track – трек

knockout – нокаут

box – бокс

leader – лідер

3). Practical transcribing (or translator’s transcription) – this is a way of conveying internationalisms in the corrupted form (у спотвореній формі) which comes from the difficulty in the pronunciation of spelling or on the basis of similarity with some other languages.

E.g. devil – диявол

pound – фунт

hierarchy – ієрархія

lecture – лектор

vegetarian – вегетаріанець

Compound words are those, in which both parts may be genuine internationalisms:

Gasometer – газометр

Radioactive elements – радіоактивні елементи

But: police station – поліцейське відділення

Tear gas – сльозоточивий газ; (mace – газовий балончик)

Washing machine – пральна машина

River basin – басейн річки

Turning point – поворотний пункт

4). Translating in the descriptive way. Some internationalisms have a condensed meaning which can be conveyed only with help of more words.

E.g. classifiable – той, що піддається класифікації

civilizable – – той, що піддається цивілізації

to energize – викликати, створювати енергію

golf club – клуб для гри в гольф

to deputize – посилати когось у депутати

barony – звання або володіння барона

parking – стоянка, паркування машин.

5) Translating of internationalisms through substituting by other internationalisms:

diagram – схема

garage – 1) гараж; 2) ангар;

avenue – 1) авеню; 2) бульвар;

committee – 1) комітет; 2) комісія;

athletics – гімнастика.

All these internationalisms which preserved the lingual form (or sounding form) are called genuine internationalisms.

Ways of translating loan internationalisms.

(Калькування)

Many social and political terms used in the several languages belonging to different genealogical families are translated in all languages or in some languages only.

e.g. loud speaker – гучномовець;

steam engine – парова машина;

short radiowaves – короткі хвилі;

standard of living – життєвий рівень;

the simple sentence – просте речення;

But: case of nouns – відмінок;

structure of matter – будова матерії.

Loan Internationalismspreserve in each language the unity of their componental partsi.e., their structural peculiarity, an absolutely identical national meaning and the common sphere of functioning:

Loud-speaker: German – Lautsprecher,

Ital. – altoparlante,

Ukr. – гучномовець,

Russ. – громкоговоритель…

1) by direct translation of the componental parts without changing their structural form:

coefficient of efficiency – коефіцієнт корисної дії,

personal/possessive pronouns – особові/присвійні займенники…

2) with the help of componental translation and some replacements, omissions or substitutions

arising from the national peculiarities of the TL, i.e. depending of its stylistic mode of usage. Thus, the equivalent of the English set-expression “foreign trade” is not “іноземна торгівля” but “зовнішня торгівля”, “national anthem” is not “національний гімн” but “державний гімн”.

3) with the help of descriptive translation:

digital computer – цифрова обчислювана машина,

pluralia tantum – іменники, що вживаються тільки в множині,

singuralia tantum – іменники, що вживаються тільки в однині.

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